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As Watson and) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -341.28 -13.44 TD -0.0058 Tc 0.8058 Tw (Pollack \(2000\) point out:) Tj 119.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.8048 Tw (\223parents selected from two different fitness peaks are likely to) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -123.24 -13.44 TD -0.0143 Tc 1.0943 Tw (produce an offspring that lands in the valley in between\224.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 281.16 0 TD -0.0578 Tc 1.0978 Tw (While we) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 49.68 0 TD -0.0091 Tc 1.1091 Tw (agree with Watson) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -330.84 -13.32 TD -0.0095 Tc 1.3095 Tw (and Pollack\222s observation, we further note that) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 229.92 0 TD -0.0194 Tc 1.3234 Tw (this situation is unlikely to occur) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 162.96 0 TD 0.008 Tc 1.272 Tw (in the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -392.88 -13.44 TD 0.0023 Tc 1.9977 Tw (case of real world applications of standard GAs) Tj 236.4 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0089 Tc 1.9511 Tw (This is because ) Tj 2.033 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 83.52 0 TD 0.0408 Tc 1.9592 Tw (t is) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 20.88 0 TD 0.0198 Tc 0 Tw (improbable) Tj 53.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0204 Tc -0.0604 Tw (for ) Tj -406.8 -13.44 TD -0.0283 Tc 0 Tw (several) Tj 33 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.2051 Tw (different fitness peaks) Tj 103.56 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.0073 Tc 0.1593 Tw (or permutations of the same ) Tj 134.16 0 TD 0.0229 Tc 0.1771 Tw (fitness peak) Tj 55.68 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0182 Tc 0.2182 Tw (to co) Tj 23.28 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0056 Tc 0.0344 Tw (exist in the ) Tj -368.88 -13.44 TD -0.0033 Tc 1.5233 Tw (same population during) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 117.96 0 TD -0.0102 Tc -0.1498 Tw (evolutionary ) Tj 63.48 0 TD -0.0318 Tc 0 Tw (search) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0.0359 Tc 0 Tw (sinc) Tj 18.84 0 TD 0.0048 Tc 1.5152 Tw (e populations converge) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 116.04 0 TD -0.0171 Tc -0.1429 Tw (quickly ) Tj 39.36 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (on) Tj 11.64 0 TD 0.1365 Tc (to) Tj 9.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.0259 Tc -0.0141 Tw (a ) Tj -415.32 -13.44 TD 0.0024 Tc 2.6936 Tw (small region of genotypic search space) Tj 194.76 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 8.64 0 TD -0.003 Tc 2.603 Tw (Indeed, ) Tj 2.633 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 43.56 0 TD 0.0021 Tc 2.6879 Tw (t has been shown that) Tj 111.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD 0.0076 Tc 2.6524 Tw (even in the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -363.84 -13.44 TD -0.0093 Tc 2.9293 Tw (absence of selective pressure) Tj 143.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (genetic) Tj 33.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (converge) Tj 42.84 0 TD -0.0265 Tc 2.9865 Tw (nce typic) Tj 45.36 0 TD -0.0245 Tc 2.8645 Tw (ally occurs) Tj 53.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0019 Tc 2.9019 Tw (during the initial) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -336.84 -13.44 TD -0.0077 Tc 0 Tw (generations) Tj 53.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.0137 Tc 1.5737 Tw (through random genetic drift) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 143.4 0 TD -0.0086 Tc 1.5286 Tw (\(Asoh & Muehlenbein, 1994\)) Tj 142.56 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.0309 Tc -0.0091 Tw (However, ) Tj 49.92 0 TD 0.0288 Tc 1.4912 Tw (it is) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -401.64 -13.44 TD 0.0009 Tc 2.2791 Tw (important to note that) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 113.04 0 TD -0.0102 Tc 2.3531 Tw (this genetic convergence does not necessarily entail premature) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -113.04 -13.44 TD -0.009 Tc 0 Tw (convergence) Tj 58.92 0 TD -0.007 Tc -0.033 Tw (; ) Tj 7.56 0 TD 0.0013 Tc 1.4187 Tw (in the case of real world applications) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 184.8 0 TD -0.007 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.067 Tc (he) Tj 10.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0073 Tc 0.0727 Tw (population ) Tj 54.36 0 TD -0.0376 Tc -0.2424 Tw (usually ) Tj 37.92 0 TD 0.024 Tc 1.376 Tw (continues to) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -362.04 -13.44 TD -0.01 Tc 0.61 Tw (explore the search space in this converged manner until a) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 276 0 TD -0.0216 Tc -0.0184 Tw (stable ) Tj 30.6 0 TD -0.0194 Tc 0.6194 Tw (fitness peak is found) Tj 97.8 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.36 0 TD -0.0047 Tc 0.2047 Tw (In ) Tj -410.76 -13.44 TD -0.0105 Tc 3.0905 Tw (such cases ) Tj 3.113 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 61.2 0 TD 0.0075 Tc 3.0485 Tw (he evolutionary path of the converged population through the space of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -61.2 -13.44 TD -0.0067 Tc 1.4467 Tw (possible genotypes will generally consist of phase) Tj 241.92 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 1.3977 Tw (s of) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 22.92 0 TD -0.0075 Tc -0.1525 Tw (relatively ) Tj 48.36 0 TD 0.0073 Tc 0.1927 Tw (directed ) Tj 42 0 TD -0.0033 Tc 1.4033 Tw (movement up) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -355.2 -13.44 TD -0.0013 Tc 0.5613 Tw (fitness slopes as well as) Tj 113.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0138 Tc 0.6138 Tw (random genetic drift along \(fitness\) neutral networks) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 253.08 0 TD -0.0148 Tc -0.1452 Tw (\(Harvey ) Tj 41.76 0 TD 0.033 Tc 0 Tw (&) Tj 9.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0128 Tc 0.2128 Tw (Thompson, 1996) Tj 79.32 0 TD -0.0137 Tc 0.1537 Tw (; Smith ) Tj 37.44 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.016 Tc 0.304 Tw (et al.) Tj 23.64 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0163 Tc 0.1763 Tw (, 2002; Ebner ) Tj 66.84 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.008 Tc 0.208 Tw (et al.) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0 Tc 0.2 Tw (, 2001) Tj 29.4 0 TD -0.0447 Tc 0.0047 Tw (\). ) Tj 9.96 0 TD -0.0113 Tc 0.1873 Tw (We propose that the widespread ) Tj ET endstream endobj 54 0 obj 14469 endobj 40 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 19 0 R /F3 36 0 R >> /XObject << /im4 42 0 R /im5 48 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents [ 44 0 R 50 0 R 53 0 R ] >> endobj 56 0 obj << /Length 57 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj -5.88 688.8 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj -414.6 -35.64 TD 0.0049 Tc 2.0951 Tw (concern with the permutation problem in ) Tj 2.153 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 210 0 TD 0.008 Tc 2.0777 Tw (he literature stems from a disregard of the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -210 -13.44 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.0066 Tw (generally converged nature of practical GA) Tj 202.68 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.0855 Tw (based search. ) Tj 65.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -271.8 -13.32 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.1765 Tw (The purpose of this paper is ) Tj 134.4 0 TD -0.0037 Tc -0.0363 Tw (therefore ) Tj 45.24 0 TD 0.0034 Tc 0 Tw (twofold) Tj 36.36 0 TD -0.007 Tc (:) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0447 Tc 0 Tw (\(i\)) Tj 11.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (to) Tj 9.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0217 Tc 0 Tw (introduce) Tj 44.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0423 Tw (the ) Tj 17.4 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0069 Tc 0.1931 Tw (convergence argument) Tj 107.04 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD 0.0363 Tc 0.5237 Tw (to explain) Tj 47.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.0643 Tc -0.2157 Tw (why ) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.0765 Tw (standard ) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0131 Tc -0.0269 Tw (crossover ) Tj 48.12 0 TD -0.0024 Tc -0.0376 Tw (operators ) Tj 47.04 0 TD 0.037 Tc 0.163 Tw (need ) Tj 25.68 0 TD -0.0143 Tc 0.6343 Tw (not be harmful) Tj 69.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD 0.0074 Tc 0.4326 Tw (when used with simple ) Tj -311.28 -13.44 TD -0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (GAs) Tj 21.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0025 Tc 0.1175 Tw (in a practical context) Tj 97.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.0708 Tw (\(section 2\)) Tj 49.68 0 TD -0.0265 Tc 0.1665 Tw (, and ) Tj 25.8 0 TD 0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (\(ii\)) Tj 14.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (to) Tj 9.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0156 Tc 0.1156 Tw (provide a series of experiments to ) Tj 161.28 0 TD -0.0267 Tc -0.0133 Tw (obtain ) Tj -391.44 -13.44 TD -0.0025 Tc 1.8225 Tw (an indication of) Tj 76.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.8 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (the) Tj 14.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.8 0 TD -0.0098 Tc 1.8298 Tw (extent of the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 66.72 0 TD -0.0154 Tc 0.0954 Tw (permutation ) Tj 61.08 0 TD -0.0237 Tc 1.9037 Tw (problem when using) Tj 0 Tc -0.28 Tw ( ) Tj 103.68 0 TD -0.018 Tc 1.898 Tw (a simple GA) Tj 62.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.8 0 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.0818 Tw (with ) Tj -399.72 -13.44 TD -0.0131 Tc -0.0269 Tw (crossover ) Tj 48.72 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0.0635 Tw (to ) Tj 13.2 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0 Tw (optimize) Tj 40.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 1.1435 Tw (ANN weights) Tj 65.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.0045 Tc 1.1555 Tw (for classification tas) Tj 96.48 0 TD -0.2118 Tc 0 Tw (ks) Tj 10.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.0025 Tc 1.1575 Tw (on two standard benchmark) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -287.52 -13.44 TD -0.0341 Tc 0 Tw (problems) Tj 43.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.9108 Tw (\(section 3\)) Tj 50.52 0 TD 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.84 0 TD 0.0043 Tc 0.9157 Tw (The results of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 69.96 0 TD 0.0046 Tc 0.9154 Tw (this series of experiments) Tj 121.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0071 Tc 0.9129 Tw (give empirical) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 72 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (support) Tj 35.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0.0635 Tw (to ) Tj -411.36 -13.44 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0423 Tw (the ) Tj 17.16 0 TD -0.0029 Tc 0.0829 Tw (convergence argument) Tj 106.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0092 Tc -0.0492 Tw (\(section 4\)) Tj 49.56 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD ( ) Tj -164.28 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj -17.4 -13.68 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 8.76 0 TD /F2 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 8.76 0 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.0094 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0067 Tc 0.0133 Tw (he permutation problem) Tj 121.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -147.24 -13.2 TD /F0 11.68 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0026 Tc 0.6874 Tw (In this section we review some of the work which has been done) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 313.68 0 TD 0.0326 Tc 0.6474 Tw (in order) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 41.16 0 TD 0.0043 Tc 0.6757 Tw (to address the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -354.84 -13.44 TD -0.0154 Tc 0 Tw (permutation) Tj 56.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0444 Tc 0 Tw (problem) Tj 39 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0093 Tc 0.4893 Tw (\(section 2.1\). We also) Tj 103.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.004 Tc 0.324 Tw (introduce the convergence argument ) Tj 174.84 0 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.2017 Tw (in order ) Tj -383.4 -13.44 TD 0.0363 Tc 0.0437 Tw (to explain) Tj 46.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.0704 Tw (why the problem) Tj 79.44 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0034 Tc 0.0166 Tw (does not ) Tj 42.36 0 TD -0 Tc 0.2005 Tw (typically appear) Tj 75.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0247 Tc 0 Tw (when) Tj 25.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0024 Tc 0.1576 Tw (standard GAs are applied in a ) Tj -281.04 -13.44 TD -0.0124 Tc 0.0924 Tw (practical context \(section 2.2\)) Tj 138.72 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -141.72 -13.32 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0267 Tc 0 Tw (2.1) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F4 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.0131 Tc -0.0531 Tw (Previous work) Tj 67.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -85.44 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0096 Tc 0.1304 Tw (The various a) Tj 63.6 0 TD -0.0124 Tc 0 Tw (ppro) Tj 21.48 0 TD -0.0043 Tc -0.0357 Tw (aches ) Tj 28.92 0 TD 0.0553 Tc 0 Tw (of) Tj 9.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0414 Tc 0 Tw (avoid) Tj 25.92 0 TD 0.1043 Tc (ing) Tj 14.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0423 Tw (the ) Tj 17.28 0 TD -0.0045 Tc -0.0355 Tw (permutation ) Tj 59.52 0 TD -0.0339 Tc 0.1139 Tw (problem can be ) Tj 74.88 0 TD 0.0463 Tc 0 Tw (broadl) Tj -0.44 Tc 0.04 Tw (y ) Tj 38.76 0 TD -0.0336 Tc 0 Tw (grouped) Tj 38.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0465 Tc 0.1535 Tw (into ) Tj -402.12 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 0.08 Tw (two ) Tj 21.24 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (non) Tj 17.52 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.005 Tc (exclusive) Tj 44.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0.0292 Tc 0 Tw (classes) Tj 32.52 0 TD 0.0039 Tc 0.8201 Tw (: \(i\) those that focus on improving the crossover operator, and) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -123 -13.44 TD 0.0055 Tc 0.3595 Tw (\(ii\) those that focus on improving the genetic representation) Tj 282.72 0 TD 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.24 0 TD 0.0105 Tc 0.2895 Tw (The general aim is to adjust ) Tj -288.96 -13.44 TD 0.0023 Tc 3.1977 Tw (the ) Tj 3.16 Tc 0 Tw (o) Tj 26.28 0 TD -0.0115 Tc 3.3115 Tw (verall crossover procedure in such a way) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 216.48 0 TD -0.0017 Tc 3.2874 Tw (that it is less likely to disrupt any) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -242.76 -13.44 TD -0.0043 Tc 0 Tw (distributed) Tj 50.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD -0.0413 Tc 0 Tw (knowledge) Tj 51.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0169 Tc -0.0231 Tw (stored in the ) Tj 60.72 0 TD -0.036 Tc -0.004 Tw (genetic ) Tj 36.48 0 TD 0.0138 Tc 0 Tw (representation) Tj 66.24 0 TD 0.08 Tc (. ) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -276.36 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (I) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.007 Tc -0.033 Tw (t ) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.0084 Tc 0.4316 Tw (has been) Tj 41.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0176 Tc 0.0624 Tw (proposed ) Tj 46.32 0 TD 0.0115 Tc 0.3085 Tw (that if one is ) Tj 63 0 TD -0.0013 Tc -0.0387 Tw (somehow ) Tj 48.36 0 TD -0.0015 Tc 0.4415 Tw (able to identify functional aspects of hidden ) Tj -212.52 -13.44 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (no) Tj 11.64 0 TD 0.067 Tc (de) Tj 11.04 0 TD -0.0038 Tc 1.2038 Tw (s during the recombin) Tj 105.72 0 TD -0.0055 Tc 1.1855 Tw (ation procedure then this would allow the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 204.96 0 TD -0.001 Tc 1.161 Tw (implementation of) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -333.36 -13.44 TD -0.0332 Tc 0.7532 Tw (some form of ) Tj 0.8141 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 72.6 0 TD 0.0133 Tc (intelligent) Tj 47.64 0 TD -0.0259 Tc (\224) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.0264 Tc -0.0136 Tw (crossover ) Tj 48.24 0 TD -0.0078 Tc 0.6478 Tw (\(Montana & Davis, 1989) Tj 118.56 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.4024 Tw (; see also ) Tj 47.4 0 TD -0.0079 Tc 0 Tw (Garc\355a) Tj 31.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0146 Tc -0.0254 Tw (Pedrajas, ) Tj -378.12 -13.44 TD 0.0235 Tc 0 Tw (Ortiz) Tj 24 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0212 Tc -0.0188 Tw (Boyer ) Tj 32.64 0 TD 0.033 Tc 0 Tw (&) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.027 Tc 0 Tw (Herv\341s) Tj 33.24 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0356 Tc (Mart\355nez) Tj 42 0 TD -0.04 Tc (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0 Tw (2006) Tj 23.28 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (\)) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.2 Tc (. ) Tj 7.2 0 TD -0.0463 Tc 0.0063 Tw (One ) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0.0111 Tc -0.0511 Tw (popular ) Tj 39.84 0 TD 0.0111 Tc 1.1489 Tw (way of achieving this is to) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 133.08 0 TD -0.0231 Tc 0 Tw (treat) Tj 20.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.0941 Tc -0.0141 Tw (a ) Tj -415.2 -13.44 TD -0.0038 Tc 4.5638 Tw (node with its associate) Tj 119.16 0 TD 0.0034 Tc 4.5406 Tw (d weights as one functional unit) Tj 171.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 7.44 0 TD -0 Tc 4.5803 Tw (\(e.g. Thierens, Suykens,) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -298.44 -13.44 TD -0.004 Tc 0.069 Tw (Vandewalle & Moor 1993; Belew, McInerney & Schraudolph, 1992\)) Tj 323.28 0 TD 0.2 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc (Another) Tj 38.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0073 Tc 0.0727 Tw (suggestion ) Tj -370.44 -13.32 TD 0.0047 Tc 0 Tw (is) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0105 Tc 1.4105 Tw (to reduce the adverse effects by placing incoming and outgoing weights of a hidden) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -12.12 -13.44 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (no) Tj 11.64 0 TD 0.067 Tc (de) Tj 11.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0.124 Tw (next to each other in the) Tj 113.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.013 Tc 0.153 Tw (genotypic representation. ) Tj 120.96 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (I) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0165 Tc 0.1965 Tw (f the genotype is arranged in ) Tj 136.92 0 TD 0.0106 Tc 0 Tw (this) Tj 16.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0176 Tc 0.9616 Tw (manner it is possible to bias) Tj 134.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (the) Tj 14.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0131 Tc -0.0269 Tw (crossover ) Tj 48.48 0 TD 0.0103 Tc -0.0503 Tw (operator ) Tj 42.84 0 TD -0 Tc 0.9056 Tw (so that it is more likely to break the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -247.8 -13.44 TD -0.0132 Tc 1.8932 Tw (genotype at) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 60.72 0 TD -0.0114 Tc 1.8914 Tw (less disruptive) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 73.68 0 TD 0.0118 Tc -0.0518 Tw (points, ) Tj 36.36 0 TD -0.1065 Tc 0 Tw (e.g.) Tj 16.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.8 0 TD -0.0104 Tc 2.0104 Tw (between one) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 65.4 0 TD -0.0065 Tc 0 Tw (node) Tj 22.68 0 TD -0.0083 Tc 1.8883 Tw (\222s weight and ) Tj 1.8941 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 76.56 0 TD -0.0144 Tc -0.0256 Tw (nother\222s ) Tj 42.96 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0135 Tc 0.0665 Tw (e.g. ) Tj -403.56 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 0.08 Tw (Schaffer & Mor) Tj 74.52 0 TD -0.01 Tc 0.09 Tw (ishima, 1987\)) Tj 64.2 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD ( ) Tj -144.6 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0009 Tc 0.0809 Tw (However, ) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.3048 Tw (this class of approaches faces three ) Tj 168.84 0 TD -0 Tc 0.26 Tw (kinds of ) Tj 41.64 0 TD -0.0086 Tc 0.1486 Tw (concerns: \(i\) ) Tj 62.28 0 TD 0.0025 Tc 0.2875 Tw (on a theoretical level ) Tj -321.72 -13.44 TD -0.0066 Tc 5.6266 Tw (the attempt to localize ANN functionality for) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 252.84 0 TD -0.0053 Tc 5.6053 Tw (more targeted) Tj 70.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 8.52 0 TD 0.0057 Tc 5.5943 Tw (crossover appears) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -331.44 -13.44 TD -0.0069 Tc 2.6069 Tw (counterintuitive when considering the distributed nature of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 295.2 0 TD -0.0115 Tc 0.0915 Tw (standard ) Tj 44.88 0 TD -0.0051 Tc 2.6051 Tw (ANNs, \(ii\) on a) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -340.08 -13.44 TD -0.0114 Tc 2.3714 Tw (practical level) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 73.2 0 TD -0.0062 Tc 2.3396 Tw (it has been noted that designing such \223intelligent\224 crossover operators) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -73.2 -13.44 TD 0.0031 Tc 2.3132 Tw (could more than rival the complexity of the original learning problem ) Tj 2.3506 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 357.48 0 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.0785 Tw (cf. ) Tj 17.16 0 TD 0.0112 Tc -0.0512 Tw (Angeline, ) Tj -374.64 -13.44 TD -0.0107 Tc 0.3307 Tw (Saunders & Pollack, 1994\)) Tj 126.48 0 TD -0.0118 Tc 0.2718 Tw (, and \(iii\)) Tj 43.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0067 Tc 0.1933 Tw (on an experimental level it ha) Tj 139.56 0 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.1869 Tw (s been observed that in ) Tj -312.72 -13.44 TD -0.0064 Tc 2.3304 Tw (many cases simple crossover works better than the more sophisticated recombination) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 57 0 obj 14097 endobj 55 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 19 0 R /F2 22 0 R /F3 36 0 R /F4 58 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 56 0 R >> endobj 61 0 obj << /Length 62 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj -5.88 688.8 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj -414.6 -35.64 TD -0.0042 Tc 1.4042 Tw (algorithms \(e.g. Hancock, 1992\).) Tj 158.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0126 Tc 1.4426 Tw (A more promising approach might be to group genes) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -162.36 -13.44 TD -0.0015 Tc 0.0065 Tw (for crossover using historical markers \(e.g. Stanley & Miikkulaine) Tj 309.96 0 TD -0.0212 Tc 0.1012 Tw (n, 2002\).) Tj 42 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -351.96 -13.32 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0056 Tc 0.2056 Tw (The other) Tj 45.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0052 Tc 0 Tw (class) Tj 22.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0047 Tc -0.0353 Tw (of ) Tj 12.84 0 TD -0.0109 Tc 0 Tw (approach) Tj 42.72 0 TD -0.0047 Tc (es) Tj 9.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0079 Tc 0.2079 Tw (attempts to deal with the permutation problem ) Tj 220.32 0 TD -0.0028 Tc 0.0828 Tw (by adjusting ) Tj -362.88 -13.44 TD 0.0028 Tc 2.5372 Tw (the genetic representation) Tj 124.92 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 2.4377 Tw (. Generally, the aim is to implement) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 188.16 0 TD 0.067 Tc 2.413 Tw (a one) Tj 27.36 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.1365 Tc (to) Tj 9.12 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.018 Tc -0.058 Tw (one ) Tj 22.2 0 TD 0.0229 Tc 0 Tw (mapping) Tj 40.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0225 Tc -0.0175 Tw (between ) Tj 45.12 0 TD 0.047 Tc 0 Tw (ANN) Tj 25.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6.36 0 TD -0.001 Tc 3.381 Tw (architecture \(genotype\) and functionality \(phenotype\)) Tj 263.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6.36 0 TD 0.0367 Tc 3.4033 Tw (so tha) Tj 31.08 0 TD -0.0256 Tc 3.4656 Tw (t several) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -378 -13.44 TD -0.0112 Tc 3.7962 Tw (genetic permutations of the same phenotypic solution cannot co) Tj 327.48 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0133 Tc 3.7333 Tw (exist in the same) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -331.32 -13.44 TD 0.0073 Tc 0 Tw (population) Tj 50.04 0 TD -0.04 Tc (. ) Tj 6 0 TD 0.0207 Tc 0.2033 Tw (This can take the form of) Tj 119.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0051 Tc 0 Tw (special) Tj 32.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.001 Tc 0.261 Tw (encoding mechanism that) Tj 119.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.2492 Tw (makes the order ) Tj -345.36 -13.44 TD -0.0036 Tc 1.4436 Tw (of nodes in the genetic representation irrelevant) Tj 231.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0031 Tc 1.3969 Tw (\(e.g. Thierens, 1996) Tj 96.48 0 TD 0.0173 Tc 1.3827 Tw (; Radcl) Tj 34.92 0 TD 0.012 Tc 1.388 Tw (iffe, 1993) Tj 46.92 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\)) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.04 Tc (. ) Tj -417.6 -13.44 TD -0.0062 Tc 3.9776 Tw (However, it is important to emphasize that removing) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 281.04 0 TD 0.0097 Tc 3.9103 Tw (the possibility of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 93.6 0 TD -0.0251 Tc 0.1051 Tw (genotypic ) Tj -374.64 -13.44 TD -0.0027 Tc 0 Tw (permutations) Tj 60.96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0.0053 Tc 1.5147 Tw (in this manner can be) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 110.52 0 TD 0.008 Tc -0.048 Tw (quite ) Tj 27.84 0 TD 0 Tc 1.5596 Tw (counterproductive in many cases.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 165.48 0 TD 0.0089 Tc 1.5111 Tw (During his) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -369.24 -13.44 TD -0.008 Tc 1.288 Tw (investigation of the permutation problem, Hancock \(1992\) observed) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 330.72 0 TD -0.0123 Tc 1.3523 Tw (to his surp) Tj 51.36 0 TD -0.0165 Tc -0.0235 Tw (rise ) Tj 21 0 TD -0.03 Tc -0.13 Tw (that ) Tj -403.08 -13.44 TD 0.0106 Tc 0 Tw (this) Tj 16.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.0106 Tc -0.2694 Tw (consistently ) Tj 59.16 0 TD -0 Tc 0.5605 Tw (produced worse results.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 115.44 0 TD -0.0202 Tc 0.1002 Tw (Indeed, ) Tj 38.04 0 TD 0.0039 Tc 0.5561 Tw (in contrast to the traditional view that) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 182.16 0 TD 0.0941 Tc -0.0141 Tw (a ) Tj -415.2 -13.44 TD 0.0518 Tc 0 Tw (many) Tj 25.8 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.1365 Tc (to) Tj 9.24 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0014 Tc 1.0014 Tw (one mapping is ) Tj 0.9341 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 82.32 0 TD 0.04 Tc (n) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0032 Tc -0.0432 Tw (undesirable ) Tj 57.72 0 TD 0.0141 Tc 0.9059 Tw (source of deception,) Tj 96.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0033 Tc 0.9167 Tw (it has) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 29.76 0 TD 0.0073 Tc -0.1673 Tw (recently ) Tj 41.52 0 TD 0.0146 Tc 0.9054 Tw (been shown) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -363.96 -13.44 TD -0 Tc -0.04 Tw (that ) Tj 22.44 0 TD -0.0054 Tc 2.0054 Tw (the neutral search space afforded by the use of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 237.36 0 TD -0.0124 Tc 0.0924 Tw (such ) Tj 26.28 0 TD 0.0018 Tc 1.9982 Tw (a mapping) Tj 50.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.92 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 2.0008 Tw (function has the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -341.88 -13.44 TD -0.0062 Tc 0.3662 Tw (potential of significantly aiding the evolvability of a system \() Tj 288.48 0 TD -0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (e.g.) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0172 Tc 0.2972 Tw (Shipman, Shackleton & ) Tj -308.64 -13.44 TD 0.006 Tc 1.394 Tw (Harvey, 2000) Tj 64.92 0 TD 0.0021 Tc 1.4279 Tw (; Harvey & Thompson, 1996) Tj 140.4 0 TD -0.0447 Tc 0 Tw (\).) Tj 6.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0011 Tc 1.4611 Tw (The neutral theory of evolution as genetic) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -216.48 -13.32 TD -0.0051 Tc 1.4051 Tw (change without selection pressure was first introduced in biolog) Tj 309.24 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 1.4801 Tw (y by Kimura \(1983\); it) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -309.24 -13.44 TD 0.0065 Tc 0.5655 Tw (has recently been the focus of increased interest in evolutionary computation) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 368.4 0 TD -0.0047 Tc 0.3247 Tw (and related ) Tj -368.4 -13.44 TD -0.0055 Tc -0.0345 Tw (fields ) Tj 28.8 0 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.0871 Tw (\(e.g. Smith ) Tj 54.48 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.008 Tc -0.032 Tw (et al.) Tj 23.4 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0054 Tc 0.0054 Tw (, 2002; Ebner ) Tj 66.24 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.008 Tc -0.032 Tw (et al.) Tj 23.28 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.024 Tc -0.064 Tw (, 2001) Tj 29.28 0 TD -0.007 Tc 0 Tw (;) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0036 Tc -0.0436 Tw (Barnett, 2001; ) Tj 69.72 0 TD -0.0264 Tc 0 Tw (Izquierdo) Tj 44.76 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0245 Tc 0.1045 Tw (Torres, 2004\)) Tj 63.48 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -416.52 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.011 Tc 1.651 Tw (This brief) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 51.84 0 TD -0.0288 Tc 0 Tw (over) Tj 20.76 0 TD 0.0235 Tc -0.0635 Tw (view ) Tj 27.36 0 TD 0.0057 Tc 1.6343 Tw (of the relevant literature) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 122.16 0 TD 0.1365 Tc 0 Tw (in) Tj 9.12 0 TD 0.0092 Tc 1.6308 Tw (dicates the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 55.8 0 TD 0.0138 Tc 1.6262 Tw (amount of) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 54 0 TD 0.0188 Tc 1.6212 Tw (effort which has) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -341.04 -13.44 TD 0.0069 Tc 0.8331 Tw (been invested toward overcoming the permutation problem) Tj 281.52 0 TD 0.0024 Tc 0.8176 Tw (. It has also been pointed out) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -281.52 -13.44 TD -0.0107 Tc 4.1153 Tw (that this work is faced by a number of theoretical and practical concerns. More) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.5588 Tw (importantly, previous ) Tj 0.5741 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 109.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0404 Tw (xperimental ) Tj 59.28 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0 Tw (investigation) Tj 60.48 0 TD 0.0165 Tc (s) Tj 4.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.007 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0133 Tc 0.5467 Tw (nto the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 36.24 0 TD -0.0086 Tc -0.0314 Tw (actual ) Tj 31.44 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.6416 Tw (practical severity of the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -308.64 -13.44 TD -0.0045 Tc 0.0845 Tw (permutation ) Tj 60.72 0 TD -0.0071 Tc -0.0329 Tw (problem ) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.037 Tc -0.077 Tw (have ) Tj 26.52 0 TD 0.0033 Tc 1.3967 Tw (revealed that) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 65.76 0 TD 0.06 Tc 1.46 Tw (in many) Tj 39.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0.0102 Tc 1.3898 Tw (cases the problem) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 90.96 0 TD 0.1247 Tc 0 Tw (is) Tj 7.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.008 Tc 1.392 Tw (not as severe as) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -343.2 -13.44 TD -0.0221 Tc -0.2579 Tw (normally ) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.0208 Tc 0 Tw (assumed) Tj 40.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 8.4 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0135 Tc 0.0665 Tw (e.g. ) Tj 25.2 0 TD -0.0092 Tc 5.3692 Tw (Hancock, 1992) Tj 75.84 0 TD 0.113 Tc -0.033 Tw (; ) Tj 11.64 0 TD 0.0121 Tc 0 Tw (Garc\355a) Tj 31.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.001 Tc 5.361 Tw (Pedrajas, Ortiz) Tj 74.76 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0028 Tc -0.0428 Tw (Boyer ) Tj 36.84 0 TD 0.033 Tc 0 Tw (&) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 8.4 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0 Tw (Herv\341s) Tj 33.12 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj -416.52 -13.44 TD -0.0056 Tc (Mart\355nez) Tj 42 0 TD -0.04 Tc (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0 Tw (2006) Tj 23.28 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (\)) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0027 Tc 2.0773 Tw (, a finding which is further supported) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 191.16 0 TD -0.0034 Tc 2.0994 Tw (by the results presented in this) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -268.32 -13.44 TD 0.0047 Tc -0.0447 Tw (paper \(section 4\)) Tj 78.36 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.12 0 TD 0.0073 Tc -0.0473 Tw (What can account for th) Tj 111.96 0 TD -0.0078 Tc 0.0638 Tw (is discrepancy between theory and practice) Tj 200.64 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (?) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -385.08 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj -17.4 -13.44 TD -0.0267 Tc 0 Tw (2.2) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F4 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.0065 Tc -0.0465 Tw (The convergence argument) Tj 127.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -144.72 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.32 TD -0.0314 Tc 0.8314 Tw (We introduce the) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 85.32 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0057 Tc 0.6857 Tw (convergence argument) Tj 107.28 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.0121 Tc 0.7435 Tw (to explain why the possibility for disruption by) Tj 0 Tc -0.28 Tw ( ) Tj -196.2 -13.44 TD 0.011 Tc 0.159 Tw (the use of standard ) Tj 91.92 0 TD -0.0518 Tc 0 Tw (cro) Tj 14.88 0 TD 0.0063 Tc -0.0463 Tw (ssover ) Tj 33 0 TD 0.011 Tc 0.069 Tw (operators ) Tj 46.68 0 TD 0.0647 Tc -0.1047 Tw (is ) Tj 11.04 0 TD -0 Tc 0.0805 Tw (often ) Tj 27.24 0 TD 0 Tc 0.2393 Tw (insignificant when using a simple GA: ) Tj 184.8 0 TD -0.0353 Tc -0.0047 Tw (\(i\) ) Tj -409.56 -13.44 TD -0.0188 Tc -0.1412 Tw (genetic ) Tj 37.8 0 TD 0.0019 Tc -0.0419 Tw (convergence ) Tj 63.24 0 TD -0.0033 Tc 1.3033 Tw (occurs during the initial generations after which) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 235.8 0 TD -0.002 Tc 1.282 Tw (most members of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -336.84 -13.44 TD 0.0086 Tc 4.0314 Tw (the population will) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 103.44 0 TD -0.053 Tc -0.107 Tw (have ) Tj 28.92 0 TD -0.041 Tc 0 Tw (similar) Tj 32.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 7.2 0 TD -0.0183 Tc 4.1783 Tw (genetic representations) Tj 111.24 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 4.0365 Tw (, and) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 33.84 0 TD -0.002 Tc 4.042 Tw (therefore \(ii\)) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 70.44 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.074 Tw (several ) Tj -387.36 -13.44 TD -0.0062 Tc -0.1538 Tw (significantly ) Tj 61.44 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (dis) Tj 13.68 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.2099 Tw (tinct permutations of the same solution are unlikely to co) Tj 268.56 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0 Tc 0.2002 Tw (exist. We agree ) Tj -347.64 -13.44 TD -0.0102 Tc 2.0102 Tw (with Harvey \(1992\) that in biological terms we could say that a simple GA typically) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0028 Tc 3.3652 Tw (adapts a particular converged population, or) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 228.96 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0047 Tc 0 Tw (specie) Tj 29.16 0 TD 0.0165 Tc (s) Tj 4.56 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0037 Tc 3.4437 Tw (. In this case using) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 106.8 0 TD -0.1459 Tc -0.0141 Tw (a ) Tj 11.4 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.0765 Tw (standard ) Tj -380.88 -13.44 TD -0.0131 Tc -0.0269 Tw (crossover ) Tj 47.52 0 TD 0.058 Tc 0 Tw (ope) Tj 16.92 0 TD -0.0184 Tc -0.0216 Tw (rator ) Tj 24.96 0 TD -0.0038 Tc 0.0183 Tw (is likely to produce offspring with similar fitness to their parents. ) Tj 307.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -396.48 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.003 Tc 3.4103 Tw (This is a general argument that applies whenever there is a many) Tj 339.48 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.1365 Tc (to) Tj 9.24 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0026 Tc 3.3226 Tw (one mapping) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -356.52 -13.44 TD -0.0139 Tc 0.5139 Tw (between genotype \(which could be binary, real) Tj 221.4 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.4855 Tw (valued, etc.\) and phenotype) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 133.44 0 TD -0.0062 Tc 0.2662 Tw (\(which could ) Tj -358.8 -13.44 TD 0.007 Tc -0.047 Tw (be ) Tj 15.24 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.073 Tw (ANN ) Tj 29.52 0 TD 0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (weig) Tj 22.68 0 TD 0.0139 Tc 1.2661 Tw (hts, structure) Tj 61.8 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0196 Tc 0 Tw (etc) Tj 13.56 0 TD -0.04 Tc (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc 1.3276 Tw (\); the permutation problem in the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 165.6 0 TD 0.0028 Tc -0.0428 Tw (artificial ) Tj 43.8 0 TD 0.013 Tc 1.267 Tw (evolution of) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -362.28 -13.44 TD 0.0011 Tc 2.6789 Tw (neural networks weights is) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 138.48 0 TD 0.058 Tc 0 Tw (one) Tj 16.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.52 0 TD -0.0187 Tc 2.6787 Tw (well known example.) Tj 105.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD -0.0063 Tc 2.6663 Tw (The claim that) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 78.36 0 TD -0.0156 Tc 2.7356 Tw (using standard) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -350.16 -13.44 TD 0 Tc 0.0798 Tw (crossover ) Tj 51.48 0 TD 0.0062 Tc 3.8795 Tw (in combination with such genetic representations tends to) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj 302.52 0 TD 0.0063 Tc 3.7937 Tw (produce unfit) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 62 0 obj 14960 endobj 60 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 36 0 R /F4 58 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 61 0 R >> endobj 65 0 obj << /Length 66 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj -5.88 688.8 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj -414.6 -35.64 TD -0.0124 Tc 1.5324 Tw (offspring, as ) Tj 1.5341 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 69.36 0 TD -0.0014 Tc 1.5454 Tw (xemplified by the literature on the permutation problem, seems to result) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -69.36 -13.44 TD 0.0025 Tc 0.8215 Tw (from a disregard of the generally converged nature of standard population) Tj 353.4 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0045 Tc 0.9155 Tw (based search.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -357.24 -13.32 TD -0.0026 Tc 2.9506 Tw (The convergence argument therefore qualifies the common generalization that \223it is) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0212 Tc 0.0588 Tw (generally ve) Tj 57.48 0 TD 0.005 Tc 0.1186 Tw (ry difficult to apply crossover operators in evolving connection weights since ) Tj -57.48 -13.44 TD 0.0012 Tc 2.9479 Tw (they tend to destroy feature detectors found during the evolutionary process\224 \(Yao,) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0082 Tc 0 Tw (1999\).) Tj 30.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 2.0962 Tw (In contrast, we note that standard crossover is usually not harmful in practice) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -35.28 -13.44 TD -0.0169 Tc 0 Tw (becaus) Tj 31.68 0 TD -0.0075 Tc 2.4783 Tw (e for most of the generations of an evolutionary run the population will have) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -31.68 -13.44 TD -0.0046 Tc 0.0096 Tw (converged onto one area of the genotypic search space) Tj 254.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.011 Tc -0.051 Tw (which it continues to explore) Tj 135.72 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD ( ) Tj -399.24 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0022 Tc 3.9522 Tw (The convergence argument is supported) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 209.4 0 TD -0.0026 Tc 3.9626 Tw (by the observation that) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0188 Tc 4.0588 Tw (the two) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 45.48 0 TD -0.0182 Tc -0.1418 Tw (previous ) Tj -380.4 -13.44 TD -0.006 Tc 1.646 Tw (empirical st) Tj 56.4 0 TD 0.0127 Tc 0 Tw (udies) Tj 24.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.0027 Tc 1.6277 Tw (which investigated the practical severity of the permutation problem) Tj 331.92 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.022 Tc -0.018 Tw (and ) Tj 20.4 0 TD 0.0036 Tc 0.6764 Tw (which did not) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 69.48 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.007 Tc (i) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.02 Tc -0.02 Tw (nd ) Tj 15.24 0 TD 0.138 Tc 0 Tw (any) Tj 16.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0406 Tw (significant ) Tj 53.04 0 TD -0.012 Tc 0.782 Tw (empirical evidence for its existence) Tj 168.24 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.7387 Tw (made no use) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -360.6 -13.44 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.7118 Tw (of any diversity preserving mechanism) Tj 184.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0.0052 Tc 0.6748 Tw (\(Hancock, 1992;) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 82.2 0 TD -0.0279 Tc 0 Tw (Garc\355a) Tj 31.08 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0076 Tc 0.7924 Tw (Pedrajas, Ortiz) Tj 70.08 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0028 Tc -0.0428 Tw (Boyer ) Tj 32.28 0 TD 0.033 Tc 0 Tw (&) Tj 9.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.013 Tc 0 Tw (Herv\341s) Tj 33 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0206 Tc (Mart\355nez) Tj 42 0 TD -0.04 Tc (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6.84 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0 Tw (2006\)) Tj 27.36 0 TD -0.0073 Tc 3.8553 Tw (. The GAs used in their experiments were therefore in all) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -116.04 -13.44 TD -0.0028 Tc 1.4028 Tw (likelihood applying crossover to members of a converged population.) Tj 335.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.003 Tc 0.083 Tw (Indeed, ) Tj 38.88 0 TD 0.0013 Tc -0.0413 Tw (Hancock ) Tj -378.96 -13.44 TD -0.0107 Tc 2.3507 Tw (\(1992\) notes that \223resolving the permutations is aided by high selection pressure: by) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0125 Tc 0.4525 Tw (increasing ) Tj 0.473 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 54.6 0 TD 0.0101 Tc 0.4299 Tw (he dominance of the top) Tj 114.72 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0054 Tc 0.4346 Tw (ranked string, it is better able to enforce its order on ) Tj -173.28 -13.32 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0409 Tw (the population\224. ) Tj 78.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -78.12 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0073 Tc 1.4257 Tw (The reason why a GA\222s population generally converges so rapidly is that the selection) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0067 Tc 1.42 Tw (operator reduces the genetic diversity of the population towards zero) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 337.44 0 TD 0.0025 Tc 1.3975 Tw (because a few fit) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -337.44 -13.44 TD -0.0041 Tc 0.7641 Tw (individuals will quickly spread their genes throughout the population. In the presence of) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0015 Tc 0.1158 Tw (mutation the genetic diversity after convergence is not zero, but a higher balance between ) Tj T* -0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (selection/) Tj 44.88 0 TD -0.036 Tc -0.004 Tw (genetic ) Tj 36.72 0 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.2785 Tw (drift and mutation \(Harvey & Thompson, ) Tj 198.36 0 TD -0.0011 Tc 0.2811 Tw (1996\). It has been argued that ) Tj -279.96 -13.44 TD -0.0019 Tc 2.0019 Tw (it is mainly through mutation that fitter) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 199.2 0 TD -0.0066 Tc -0.0334 Tw (phenotypic ) Tj 56.76 0 TD -0.003 Tc 1.979 Tw (solutions can be found even after) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -255.96 -13.44 TD -0.0188 Tc -0.1412 Tw (genetic ) Tj 36.96 0 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.3557 Tw (convergence; either by hill climbing or through genetic drift on a \(nearly\) neutral ) Tj -36.96 -13.44 TD -0.0061 Tc 3.0381 Tw (fitness landscape leading to punctuated increa) Tj 229.32 0 TD 0 Tc 3.0393 Tw (ses in fitness \(e.g. Harvey, 2001; van) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -229.32 -13.44 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.8586 Tw (Nimwegen & Crutchfield, 2000; Barnett, 2001\).) Tj 229.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.0155 Tc 0.8555 Tw (In other words, there are two important) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -232.68 -13.44 TD 0.0028 Tc 0.2434 Tw (factors at work here: \(i\) genetic convergence makes it unlikely that significantly different ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0047 Tc 2.2447 Tw (genetic permutations of the same pheno) Tj 197.04 0 TD 0.0082 Tc 2.1918 Tw (typic solution will co) Tj 105.84 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0043 Tc 2.1957 Tw (exist in the population,) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -306.72 -13.44 TD -0.0049 Tc 1.0569 Tw (thereby minimizing the possibility of disruption through crossover, and \(ii\) the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 381.72 0 TD -0.0271 Tc 0 Tw (fact) Tj 17.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.03 Tc -0.13 Tw (that ) Tj -403.08 -13.44 TD -0.0105 Tc 1.0805 Tw (slightly different permutations may co) Tj 183 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0203 Tc 0.9797 Tw (exist can improve evolvability) Tj 144.72 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0025 Tc 1.0425 Tw (because it allows) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -338.64 -13.32 TD 0.0053 Tc -0.0053 Tw (evolutionary search to trave) Tj 129.96 0 TD -0.0107 Tc 0.0507 Tw (rse neutral networks ) Tj 97.56 0 TD -0.0059 Tc 0 Tw (toward) Tj 32.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.0786 Tw (higher fitness peaks.) Tj 95.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -358.68 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 8.4 0 TD -0.002 Tc 0.3306 Tw (ccording to the convergence argument we can expect the crossover operator to be more ) Tj -8.4 -13.44 TD -0.0023 Tc 1.2923 Tw (disruptive in evolutionary runs where the population has a longer time to convergence,) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0178 Tc 3.1578 Tw (for example when) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 96.48 0 TD -0.0022 Tc 3.2022 Tw (using very larg) Tj 76.32 0 TD -0.0094 Tc 3.1794 Tw (e population sizes or when) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 143.16 0 TD -0.0102 Tc 3.2102 Tw (diversity preservation) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -315.96 -13.44 TD 0.0039 Tc 1.0361 Tw (methods such as niching) Tj 117.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0 Tc 1.0765 Tw (are used \(e.g. Stanley & Miikkulainen, 2002\). In such cases it) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -121.68 -13.44 TD -0.0146 Tc 2.0066 Tw (might be more appropriate to make use of one or more of the methods mentioned in) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0076 Tc 1.5448 Tw (section 2.1 in order to minimize the ) Tj 1.48 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 185.76 0 TD -0 Tc 1.5406 Tw (ossibility of disrupting any evolved solutions, in) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -185.76 -13.44 TD 0.0049 Tc 5.0311 Tw (particular when applying crossover to individuals which have been selected for) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.006 Tc 0.806 Tw (recombination from different niches.) Tj 174.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.9216 Tw (Moreover, ) Tj 0.927 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj 61.2 0 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.8212 Tw (e can expect the crossover operator to) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -239.16 -13.44 TD -0.0109 Tc 2.1309 Tw (generally work better with smaller popu) Tj 197.52 0 TD 0.0027 Tc 2.0973 Tw (lations. This intuition is supported by Belew,) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -197.52 -13.44 TD 0.0009 Tc 1.0937 Tw (McInerney and Schraudolph \(1992\) who report that because an ANN\222s configuration is) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (\223) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0024 Tc (undetermined) Tj 64.32 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0118 Tc 0.3082 Tw (by the problem it is trying to solve,\224 its various permutations are unlikely ) Tj -72.6 -13.44 TD -0.0089 Tc 0.8689 Tw (to share the same schemata and ther) Tj 173.16 0 TD 0.0057 Tc 0.8476 Tw (eby make the GA less effective. It is suggested that) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 66 0 obj 10398 endobj 63 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 64 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 36 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 65 0 R >> endobj 68 0 obj << /Length 69 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj -5.88 688.8 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj -414.6 -35.64 TD 0.0027 Tc 3.6119 Tw (keeping the population size small will reduce the disruption caused by competing) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0025 Tc 2.459 Tw (permutations because, \223if very small populations are used with the GA, there is not) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.32 TD -0.0022 Tc 0.4662 Tw (\221room\222 for multiple alternatives to de) Tj 175.68 0 TD -0.0141 Tc 0 Tw (velop\224.) Tj 33.96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.012 Tc 0.437 Tw (We agree, while further noting that in small ) Tj -213.24 -13.44 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.6234 Tw (populations there is not enough \221room\222 for multiple alternatives \(which might be present) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0093 Tc 3.0593 Tw (in the population initially\) to) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 152.16 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0071 Tc 0 Tw (persist) Tj 31.2 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0056 Tc 2.9827 Tw (in the face of selection pressure which forces) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -189.36 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (convergence on one particul) Tj 132 0 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.0074 Tw (ar fitness peak. ) Tj 73.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -205.32 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0066 Tc 1.3186 Tw (In order to obtain more insight into the validity of the convergence argument we ran a) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0105 Tc 1.6505 Tw (series of experiments on two standard benchmark problems) Tj 289.08 0 TD -0.0091 Tc 1.6731 Tw (. The study focused on the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -289.08 -13.44 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.0188 Tw (effects of standard crossover on the ANN classification accuracy an) Tj 316.8 0 TD -0.0145 Tc 0.0345 Tw (d GA efficiency.) Tj 78.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -368.76 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj -26.28 -13.68 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 8.76 0 TD /F2 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 8.76 0 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.0094 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0 Tc (xperiments) Tj 55.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -81.12 -13.2 TD /F0 11.68 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0267 Tc 0 Tw (3.1) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F4 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0565 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 7.08 0 TD -0.0009 Tc -0.0391 Tw (xperimental data) Tj 78.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -102.84 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0113 Tc 0.3887 Tw (The effect of ) Tj 65.04 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.1965 Tw (standard ) Tj 43.08 0 TD 0.0235 Tc 0.5365 Tw (crossover on the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 81.48 0 TD 0.0028 Tc 0.0772 Tw (artificial ) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.5579 Tw (evolution of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 60.84 0 TD 0.0094 Tc 0 Tw (ANNs) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.6136 Tw (was investigated by) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -327 -13.44 TD -0.025 Tc -0.135 Tw (applying ) Tj 43.68 0 TD -0 Tc 0.0807 Tw (this technique) Tj 65.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0093 Tc 0.1236 Tw (to two real problems in the medical domain) Tj 203.88 0 TD -0.0143 Tc 0.1243 Tw (, namely breast cancer ) Tj -315.84 -13.32 TD -0.0165 Tc 2.7365 Tw (and diabetes) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 66.24 0 TD -0.0097 Tc 0 Tw (diagnosis) Tj 44.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD -0.0438 Tc 0 Tw (taken) Tj 25.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD -0.0094 Tc 2.7294 Tw (from the \223Proben1\224 benchmark set \(Prechelt, 1994\)) Tj 256.8 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 8.52 0 TD -0.033 Tc -0.007 Tw (A ) Tj -412.08 -13.44 TD 0.0065 Tc 2.0858 Tw (practical advantage of choosing these datasets is that they have already been used in) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0 Tc 0.6996 Tw (research on crossover and the permutation problem) Tj 243.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.02 Tc -0.14 Tw (by ) Tj 15.24 0 TD -0.0079 Tc 0 Tw (Garc\355a) Tj 31.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.9296 Tw (Pedrajas, Ortiz) Tj 70.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0028 Tc -0.0428 Tw (Boyer ) Tj 32.16 0 TD -0.062 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.013 Tc 0 Tw (Herv\341s) Tj 33 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0056 Tc 0.0856 Tw (Mart\355nez ) Tj 45.24 0 TD -0.001 Tc 0.261 Tw (\(2006\), and th) Tj 66.36 0 TD 0.0043 Tc 0.2197 Tw (at ANNs are among the most common methods for breast ) Tj -148.56 -13.44 TD -0.003 Tc 0.603 Tw (cancer diagnosis \(Abass, 2002\).) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 154.2 0 TD -0.1859 Tc 0.1459 Tw (We ) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0059 Tc 0.0741 Tw (also ) Tj 22.32 0 TD 0.0029 Tc 0.3171 Tw (agree with ) Tj 53.04 0 TD -0.0124 Tc 0.6924 Tw (Prechelt \(1994\)) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 76.32 0 TD -0.0022 Tc 0.5622 Tw (that results obtained) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -325.32 -13.44 TD -0.014 Tc 0.862 Tw (on real world data will be more revealing than if the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 254.88 0 TD -0.0206 Tc 0 Tw (ANNs) Tj 29.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0067 Tc 0.8067 Tw (were trained on an artificial) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -288.36 -13.44 TD 0.0059 Tc 0 Tw (task) Tj 18.72 0 TD 0.0065 Tc 4.1935 Tw (, in particular becau) Tj 105.48 0 TD 0 Tc 4.1896 Tw (se we are interested in whether the permutation problem) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -124.2 -13.44 TD 0.0009 Tc 1.0391 Tw (manifests in practice) Tj 98.64 0 TD 0.2 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.001 Tc 1.0826 Tw (It has been suggested that whereas it is possible to devise special) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -105.84 -13.44 TD -0.0028 Tc 1.0528 Tw (fitness landscapes with isolated hills such that genetic convergence is likely to coincide) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.009 Tc 2.069 Tw (with premature con) Tj 94.68 0 TD -0.006 Tc 2.051 Tw (vergence on a local fitness optimum, fitness landscapes associated) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -94.68 -13.44 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.0202 Tw (with many real problems are not of this nature \(Harvey & Thompson, 1996\). ) Tj 361.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -361.08 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0565 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 7.08 0 TD -0.0131 Tc 2.1331 Tw (he breast cancer database was) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 152.64 0 TD -0.0184 Tc -0.2616 Tw (originally ) Tj 50.28 0 TD 0.0033 Tc 2.0767 Tw (obtained from the University) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 146.64 0 TD -0.0647 Tc 0 Tw (of) Tj 9.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 0.1059 Tw (Wisconsin ) Tj -371.4 -13.44 TD 0.0037 Tc 0 Tw (Hospitals) Tj 44.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (in) Tj 9.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0114 Tc 0.0914 Tw (Madison ) Tj 46.68 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (by) Tj 11.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 3.3208 Tw (Dr. ) Tj 3.3741 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj 32.16 0 TD -0.0181 Tc 3.2181 Tw (.H. Wolberg) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 67.2 0 TD 0 Tc 3.0793 Tw (\(Wolberg & Mangasarian, 1990\)) Tj 162.24 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0318 Tc -0.1282 Tw (This ) Tj -399.84 -13.44 TD -0.0038 Tc 1.2938 Tw (dataset was chosen because it has been used widely in the literature \(e.g.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 358.08 0 TD 0.0115 Tc 1.2685 Tw (Abass, 2002;) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -358.08 -13.32 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.9135 Tw (Xao & Liu, 1997; Fogel, Wasson & Boughton, 1995; Prechelt, 1994\)) Tj 331.8 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0 Tc 0.8603 Tw (and is still in use) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -338.52 -13.44 TD -0.0066 Tc 0 Tw (today) Tj 25.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0009 Tc 0.0791 Tw (\(e.g. ) Tj 24 0 TD 0.0321 Tc 0 Tw (Garc\355a) Tj 31.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.001 Tc 0.321 Tw (Pedrajas, Ortiz) Tj 69.72 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0028 Tc 0.0772 Tw (Boyer ) Tj 31.8 0 TD 0.033 Tc 0 Tw (&) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.047 Tc 0 Tw (Herv\341s) Tj 33.12 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0206 Tc (Mart\355nez) Tj 42 0 TD -0.04 Tc (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0089 Tc 0.3289 Tw (2006; Ortiz) Tj 53.76 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0243 Tc -0.0157 Tw (Boyer, ) Tj 34.68 0 TD -0.013 Tc 0 Tw (Herv\341s) Tj 33.12 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj -416.52 -13.44 TD -0.0056 Tc (Mart\355nez) Tj 42 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD -0.087 Tc 0.047 Tw (& ) Tj 16.32 0 TD 0.0121 Tc 0 Tw (Garc\355a) Tj 31.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0146 Tc (Pedrajas,) Tj 42.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 7.44 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (2005\)) Tj 27.12 0 TD 0.0067 Tc 4.5133 Tw (. It also) Tj 43.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 7.56 0 TD -0.0021 Tc 4.4741 Tw (represents one of the easier Proben1) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -229.2 -13.44 TD -0.0134 Tc 0.5734 Tw (benchmark sets) Tj 72.72 0 TD 0.0311 Tc 0.5289 Tw (; this) Tj 23.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.0174 Tc 0.6374 Tw (is important because it is very likely that many equivalent solutions) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -99.96 -13.44 TD -0.0053 Tc 2.0953 Tw (exist, which should thus theoreti) Tj 159.84 0 TD 0.0435 Tc 0 Tw (call) Tj -0.0163 Tc 2.1535 Tw (y magnify the adverse effects associated with the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -159.84 -13.44 TD -0.001 Tc 1.161 Tw (permutation problem.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 106.68 0 TD -0.0144 Tc 1.1744 Tw (For this) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 41.16 0 TD -0.0051 Tc 0 Tw (dataset) Tj 32.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0423 Tw (the ) Tj 18.48 0 TD -0.0206 Tc 0 Tw (ANNs) Tj 29.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0294 Tc 0 Tw (we) Tj 13.56 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 1.1908 Tw (re required to discriminate between) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -250.32 -13.44 TD 0.0071 Tc 2.6649 Tw (benign and malignant tumors based on) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj 199.8 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD -0.0149 Tc 0 Tw (different) Tj 40.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.52 0 TD -0.0145 Tc 0 Tw (factors) Tj 31.8 0 TD -0.0031 Tc 2.7431 Tw (. There are a total of 699) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -288.96 -13.44 TD -0.0114 Tc 1.1954 Tw (samples in this dataset with 65.5%) Tj 167.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD -0.0127 Tc 1.1927 Tw (of the examples being classified as benign.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 210.96 0 TD -0.0249 Tc 1.1849 Tw (In order) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -382.2 -13.44 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.4685 Tw (for the classification results to be comparable with results presented in the literature \() Tj 403.56 0 TD 0.0135 Tc 0.0665 Tw (e.g. ) Tj -403.56 -13.44 TD -0.0181 Tc 1.7481 Tw (Fogel, Wasson & Boughton, 1995) Tj 166.2 0 TD 0 Tc 1.6544 Tw (\), the 16 records with missing values were removed) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -166.2 -13.44 TD -0.0039 Tc 0.8039 Tw (from the dataset) Tj 76.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0.856 Tw (and no va) Tj 47.04 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.8024 Tw (lidation set was used) Tj 99.36 0 TD -0.0049 Tc 0.8649 Tw (. The first 400 ) Tj 0.7906 Tc 0 Tw (r) Tj 76.44 0 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.8864 Tw (ecords were then chosen) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -303.48 -13.44 TD -0.0044 Tc 0.029 Tw (as the training data while the remaining 283 records constituted the testing data. ) Tj 376.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -376.32 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 69 0 obj 11688 endobj 67 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 64 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 19 0 R /F2 22 0 R /F3 36 0 R /F4 58 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 68 0 R >> endobj 71 0 obj << /Length 72 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj -5.88 688.8 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj -414.6 -35.64 TD -0.0087 Tc 2.1187 Tw (The diabetes data set was created by Vincent Sigillito from John Hopkins University) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0033 Tc 2.5967 Tw (from a larger database he) Tj 128.4 0 TD -0.0027 Tc 2.5894 Tw (ld by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -128.4 -13.32 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.0916 Tw (Kidney Diseases. ) Tj 84.24 0 TD 0.0073 Tc 0.0727 Tw (This dataset has also been ) Tj 124.92 0 TD -0.0039 Tc -0.1561 Tw (extensively ) Tj 56.16 0 TD 0.0097 Tc 0.0943 Tw (investigated in the literature \(e.g. ) Tj -265.32 -13.44 TD -0.021 Tc 3.101 Tw (Yao & Liu, 1997; Ortiz) Tj 121.92 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0043 Tc -0.0357 Tw (Boyer, ) Tj 37.44 0 TD -0.013 Tc 0 Tw (Herv\341s) Tj 33 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0094 Tc (Mart\355nez) Tj 42.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.087 Tc 0.047 Tw (& ) Tj 15 0 TD 0.0321 Tc 0 Tw (Garc\355a) Tj 31.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0013 Tc (Pedrajas,) Tj 42.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD -0 Tc 2.9602 Tw (2005; Prechelt,) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -346.8 -13.44 TD 0.0066 Tc -0.0466 Tw (1994; ) Tj 32.76 0 TD -0.0079 Tc 0 Tw (Garc\355a) Tj 30.96 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0146 Tc -0.0254 Tw (Pedrajas, ) Tj 48.48 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (Ortiz) Tj 24 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0028 Tc -0.0428 Tw (Boyer ) Tj 34.68 0 TD 0.033 Tc 0 Tw (&) Tj 9 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6.12 0 TD -0.013 Tc 0 Tw (Herv\341s) Tj 33 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0056 Tc (Mart\355nez) Tj 42.12 0 TD -0.04 Tc (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6.12 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0 Tw (2006) Tj 23.28 0 TD 0.0016 Tc 3.1984 Tw (\) and has been chosen) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -305.16 -13.44 TD -0.0029 Tc 0.9229 Tw (because it represents one of the more difficult cases of the Proben1 benchmark set.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 402.24 0 TD 0.0259 Tc 0.0541 Tw (The ) Tj -402.24 -13.44 TD 0.0038 Tc 0.6162 Tw (classification is made) Tj 101.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0 Tc 0.6007 Tw (on 8 different inputs) Tj 96.84 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.5758 Tw (There are a total of 768 samples available of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -208.32 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 2.1206 Tw (which 65.1% are dia) Tj 102.36 0 TD -0.001 Tc 2.121 Tw (betes negative.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 76.56 0 TD 0.0102 Tc 2.0965 Tw (No validation set was used in order to make the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -178.92 -13.44 TD -0.0024 Tc 1.5584 Tw (results comparable with those of the experiments using breast cancer data.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 366.6 0 TD 0.0127 Tc 1.5073 Tw (The testing) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -366.6 -13.44 TD 0.0042 Tc -0.0189 Tw (data is made up of 192 records while the training data consists of a total of 576 records by ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0013 Tc 0.9213 Tw (combining th) Tj 62.88 0 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.9655 Tw (e training and validation data of the diabetes1 dataset. This combination is) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -62.88 -13.44 TD -0.0124 Tc -0.0276 Tw (proposed ) Tj 48.84 0 TD -0.0134 Tc 3.2734 Tw (by Prechelt \(1994\)) Tj 93.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD -0 Tc 3.1872 Tw (for experiments that do not make use of a validation) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -148.2 -13.44 TD -0.0047 Tc 1.4287 Tw (procedure. He also points out that) Tj 164.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0037 Tc 1.4037 Tw (the documentation) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 92.28 0 TD 0.0192 Tc 1.3808 Tw (provided with) Tj 66.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0076 Tc 1.4076 Tw (this dataset claims) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -332.16 -13.44 TD -0.0076 Tc 2.0076 Tw (that there) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 50.52 0 TD -0.0208 Tc 2.0808 Tw (are no missing) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 76.92 0 TD -0.0128 Tc 0 Tw (values;) Tj 33 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (h) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0053 Tc 2.0053 Tw (owever, there are several senseless 0 values which) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -171.24 -13.44 TD -0.0176 Tc 2.3056 Tw (most probably indicate missing data. We) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 206.76 0 TD 0.0573 Tc 0 Tw (follow) Tj 30.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Prechelt) Tj 38.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD -0.062 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD 0.0088 Tc -0.0488 Tw (nevertheless ) Tj 62.88 0 TD -0.0118 Tc 2.2518 Tw (treat these) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -370.68 -13.44 TD -0.0225 Tc 0.1025 Tw (samples as ) Tj 53.16 0 TD -0.0088 Tc -0.1512 Tw (real thereby ) Tj 58.32 0 TD -0.0153 Tc -0.1447 Tw (probably ) Tj 44.28 0 TD 0.013 Tc -0.053 Tw (introducing ) Tj 56.88 0 TD 0.0159 Tc -0.0559 Tw (some ) Tj 27.6 0 TD -0.004 Tc -0.036 Tw (additional ) Tj 49.68 0 TD -0.0209 Tc 0.1009 Tw (noise into the dataset.) Tj 101.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -373.8 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj -17.4 -13.32 TD -0.0267 Tc 0 Tw (3.2) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F4 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (Experiment) Tj 54.48 0 TD -0.0148 Tc 0.0148 Tw (al setup and i) Tj 61.92 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (mplementation) Tj 70.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -204 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0141 Tc -0.0259 Tw (The ) Tj 23.04 0 TD 0.0094 Tc 0 Tw (ANNs) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.92 0 TD -0.001 Tc 2.001 Tw (used in the) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 59.64 0 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.0854 Tw (classification ) Tj 66.48 0 TD 0.0089 Tc 1.9911 Tw (experiments were) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 89.76 0 TD -0 Tc 0.0805 Tw (basic ) Tj 28.92 0 TD -0.0153 Tc 0 Tw (feed) Tj 20.04 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0639 Tw (forward ) Tj 42 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (multi) Tj 24.6 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0343 Tc 0.0457 Tw (layer ) Tj -396.96 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 0.6807 Tw (perceptrons ) Tj 0.6706 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 62.04 0 TD -0.0447 Tc (MLP) Tj 23.76 0 TD 0.0165 Tc (s) Tj 4.68 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (\)) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0.0052 Tc 0.6748 Tw (because these have been identified) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 168 0 TD -0.0107 Tc 0.8107 Tw (by Yao \(1999\)) Tj 69.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0.0635 Tw (to ) Tj 12.72 0 TD 0.0055 Tc -0.1655 Tw (likely ) Tj 30.24 0 TD 0.002 Tc -0.042 Tw (increase ) Tj -382.2 -13.44 TD -0.0074 Tc 1.9024 Tw (the harmful effects of traditional crossover due to thei) Tj 266.52 0 TD -0.0009 Tc 1.8809 Tw (r distributed representation) Tj 129.6 0 TD -0.0565 Tc 1.9365 Tw (, and) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -396.12 -13.44 TD 0.0056 Tc 0.5544 Tw (since they are still used in the context of breast cancer diagnosis \(e.g. Abass, 2002\)) Tj 395.76 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.36 0 TD 0.0659 Tc 0.0141 Tw (The ) Tj -402.12 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 1.5203 Tw (activation function used was) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 142.32 0 TD -0.0377 Tc 0 Tw (the) Tj 14.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 0 Tw (standard) Tj 39.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0.0222 Tc 0.0578 Tw (sigmoid ) Tj 42.24 0 TD -0.0176 Tc -0.0224 Tw (\(logistic\) ) Tj 46.56 0 TD -0.0212 Tc 0 Tw (function) Tj 38.88 0 TD -0.04 Tc (. ) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.0125 Tc 1.5475 Tw (Each node has a) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -340.08 -13.44 TD -0.0037 Tc 0.2757 Tw (bias term associated with it. ) Tj 134.64 0 TD -0.0141 Tc -0.0259 Tw (The ) Tj 21.36 0 TD 0.047 Tc 0 Tw (ANN) Tj 25.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.0617 Tc 0 Tw (archi) Tj 23.28 0 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.3104 Tw (tecture used to classify the breast cancer data ) Tj -207.84 -13.44 TD -0.0009 Tc 1.9529 Tw (had 9 inputs, 9 hidden ) Tj 1.72 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 122.04 0 TD -0.022 Tc (ode) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0.0015 Tc 1.9985 Tw (s and 1 output ) Tj 1.96 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 82.56 0 TD -0.022 Tc (ode) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.92 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0198 Tc 0.0998 Tw (again ) Tj 30.12 0 TD -0.0204 Tc -0.2596 Tw (following ) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.0141 Tc 2.0141 Tw (Fogel, Wasson and) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -327.48 -13.44 TD -0.0042 Tc -0.0358 Tw (Boughton, ) Tj 53.04 0 TD 0.01 Tc 0 Tw (1995) Tj 23.4 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (\)) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.0134 Tc 1.1706 Tw (for a total of 100 weights) Tj 123.72 0 TD 0.0093 Tc 1.1679 Tw (. The architecture used for the diabetes data) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -208.2 -13.44 TD -0.0024 Tc 1.0596 Tw (had 8 inputs, two layers with 9 hidden) Tj 185.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 5.76 0 TD 0.0176 Tc (odes) Tj 21.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.0206 Tc 0.0594 Tw (each ) Tj 25.44 0 TD -0 Tc 1.04 Tw (and 1 output ) Tj 1 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 70.32 0 TD 0.018 Tc (ode) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 1.0601 Tw (for a total of 181) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -337.56 -13.44 TD -0.0138 Tc 0 Tw (weights) Tj 36.24 0 TD -0.04 Tc (. ) Tj 6 0 TD -0.005 Tc 0.253 Tw (The architectures were fully interconnected ) Tj 207.12 0 TD 0.0282 Tc 0 Tw (so) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0428 Tc 0.1572 Tw (that e) Tj 25.8 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.0039 Tw (ach ) Tj 19.32 0 TD 0.0235 Tc 0 Tw (node) Tj 22.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0083 Tc 0.1683 Tw (of every layer ) Tj 68.4 0 TD 0.0906 Tc 0 Tw (wa) Tj 13.68 0 TD 0.0165 Tc -0.0565 Tw (s ) Tj -415.92 -13.44 TD 0.0012 Tc 1.5188 Tw (connected with every ) Tj 1.48 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 113.16 0 TD 0.098 Tc (ode) Tj 16.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0.0235 Tc 1.4965 Tw (of the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 33 0 TD -0.0073 Tc -0.2727 Tw (immediately ) Tj 62.76 0 TD 0.0062 Tc 1.5138 Tw (following layer. The architectures were) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -230.28 -13.44 TD -0.001 Tc 0.051 Tw (genetically represented by a lis) Tj 144.84 0 TD 0.0225 Tc 0.0575 Tw (t of floating) Tj 55.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0067 Tc 0.0733 Tw (point numbers ) Tj 70.2 0 TD 0.0148 Tc -0.0205 Tw (with the length of the list being ) Tj -274.08 -13.44 TD -0.0069 Tc 2.236 Tw (equal to the number of connection weights of the encoded network architecture.) Tj 397.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD 0.0259 Tc -0.0659 Tw (The ) Tj -402.24 -13.32 TD -0.0049 Tc 0.0316 Tw (range of the weights was limited to the single pre) Tj 229.92 0 TD 0.0138 Tc -0.0538 Tw (cision C++ floating) Tj 91.08 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0.0978 Tw (point range.) Tj 55.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -380.64 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0 Tc 1.7197 Tw (The weights were initialize) Tj 132 0 TD -0.0033 Tc 1.7783 Tw (d by drawing random numbers from the standard Gaussian) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -132 -13.44 TD 0.0071 Tc -0.0471 Tw (distribution. ) Tj 61.32 0 TD -0.0087 Tc 1.5287 Tw (The mutation operator was implemented as a probabilistic change of each) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -61.32 -13.44 TD 0.001 Tc 2.019 Tw (connection weight by a small random floating) Tj 226.56 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0053 Tc 1.9707 Tw (point number drawn from the standard) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -230.4 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (Gaus) Tj 24 0 TD -0.0202 Tc 1.4202 Tw (sian distribution. Three trad) Tj 133.68 0 TD 0.0037 Tc 0 Tw (itional) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0 Tc 1.4 Tw (kinds of) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 43.68 0 TD -0.0115 Tc -0.0285 Tw (standard ) Tj 43.8 0 TD -0.0077 Tc 1.4077 Tw (crossover operators) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 96.72 0 TD -0.0047 Tc 0.0847 Tw (\(uniform, ) Tj -376.08 -13.44 TD -0.022 Tc 0 Tw (one) Tj 16.8 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0036 Tc 0.3164 Tw (point and two) Tj 64.92 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0094 Tc 0.0706 Tw (point\) ) Tj 31.2 0 TD -0.0137 Tc 0.3537 Tw (were tested in a variety of ) Tj 126.12 0 TD -0.033 Tc -0.007 Tw (GA ) Tj 20.04 0 TD -0.0368 Tc 0 Tw (settings) Tj 35.76 5.4 TD /F0 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (1) Tj 3.96 -5.4 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tc (. ) Tj 6.48 0 TD -0.0248 Tc 0.3148 Tw (While there are certain ) Tj -313.08 -13.44 TD -0.0052 Tc 0.4998 Tw (crossover operators which are more effective when used in combination with real) Tj 385.56 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.0898 Tw (valued ) Tj -389.4 -13.44 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.8054 Tw (genotypic representati) Tj 104.16 0 TD 0.0322 Tc -0.0722 Tw (ons ) Tj 20.04 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0128 Tc 0.8128 Tw (such as directional crossover) Tj 136.92 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\)) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0113 Tc 0.8913 Tw (these would generally decrease) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -272.52 -13.44 TD -0.0094 Tc 0.5994 Tw (the number of generations required until population convergence. ) Tj 0.567 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 321.84 0 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.5632 Tw (s such the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 50.64 0 TD -0.0015 Tc -0.0385 Tw (traditional ) Tj -372.48 -13.44 TD 0 Tc 0.0798 Tw (crossover ) Tj 50.28 0 TD -0.0024 Tc -0.0376 Tw (operators ) Tj 48.84 0 TD 0.0162 Tc 2.5838 Tw (chosen for) Tj 51.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0102 Tc -0.0502 Tw (our ) Tj 21.24 0 TD 0.0026 Tc 0 Tw (experiments) Tj 57 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.52 0 TD 0 Tc 2.6299 Tw (represent a conservative choice with) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -240 -13.44 TD -0.0047 Tc 0.9247 Tw (regard to ) Tj 0.953 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 49.92 0 TD -0.053 Tc 0.973 Tw (he co) Tj 25.8 0 TD 0.003 Tc 0.917 Tw (nvergence argument) Tj 96 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0018 Tc 0.9662 Tw (The fitness function used by the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 158.28 0 TD 0.0635 Tc 0 Tw (GAs) Tj 21.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0225 Tc 1.1825 Tw (evaluates an) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -362.16 -26.28 TD -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 116.76 0 TD ( ) Tj ET 88.08 123.72 140.16 0.6 re f BT 228.24 121.2 TD ( ) Tj -140.16 -8.04 TD /F0 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 3.96 -5.4 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 2.52 0 TD 0.0145 Tc 0.0113 Tw (The GA software for this work was based on the GAlib package, written by Matthew Wall at MIT.) Tj 385.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 72 0 obj 14877 endobj 70 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 64 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F4 58 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 71 0 R >> endobj 74 0 obj << /Length 75 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 496.92 757.92 11.64 13.2 re h W n BT 496.92 760.68 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.08 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj ET Q BT 88.08 725.04 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0035 Tc 3.6835 Tw (individual by testing the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 130.68 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (d) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0.0021 Tc 3.6779 Tw (ecoded ANN on) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj 89.76 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (the) Tj 14.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.0062 Tc 3.5838 Tw (given training set. The percentage) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -247.32 -13.44 TD -0.0137 Tc 1.0777 Tw (accuracy achieved on the classification task) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 212.76 0 TD -0.007 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0046 Tc 1.0446 Tw (s then used as that individual\222s fitness. No) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -216.12 -13.32 TD -0.0244 Tc 0.2244 Tw (scaling was app) Tj 74.16 0 TD 0.0066 Tc 0.0992 Tw (lied to these scores. The selection mechanism used in all test runs was the ) Tj -74.16 -13.44 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.3257 Tw (popular roulette) Tj 74.52 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.308 Tw (wheel selec) Tj 54.6 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (tion) Tj 18.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.02 Tc 0 Tw (method) Tj 34.92 0 TD 0.0047 Tc 0.2553 Tw (, where each individual ) Tj 113.28 0 TD -0.1177 Tc 0 Tw (get) Tj 14.16 0 TD 0.0165 Tc (s) Tj 4.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.0078 Tc 0.2678 Tw (picked for mating in ) Tj -324.6 -13.44 TD 0.0028 Tc -0.0308 Tw (a probabilistic manner which is proportional to the individual\222s fitness score.) Tj 359.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -359.16 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0259 Tc 2.0859 Tw (For most ) Tj 2.0141 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 53.88 0 TD -0.0017 Tc 2.0117 Tw (xperiments the population size was set to 50 individuals and run for 1000) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -53.88 -13.44 TD -0.0067 Tc 1.1967 Tw (generations; when a population size of 500 was used) Tj 255.24 0 TD -0.0053 Tc 1.1653 Tw (, a typically large size \(e.g.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 135.84 0 TD -0.0212 Tc 0.1012 Tw (Fogel, ) Tj -391.08 -13.44 TD 0.0008 Tc 1.1992 Tw (Wasson & Boughton, 1995) Tj 130.68 0 TD -0.0447 Tc 0 Tw (\),) Tj 6.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD -0.0053 Tc 1.1893 Tw (the number of generations was reduced to 100 in order to) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -141.6 -13.44 TD -0.0131 Tc 1.8931 Tw (make the ) Tj 1.913 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 52.32 0 TD 0.0039 Tc 1.8911 Tw (wo settings comparable with regard to computational cost. All) Tj 306.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.8 0 TD -0.0083 Tc -0.0317 Tw (experiments ) Tj -363.48 -13.44 TD -0.0015 Tc 0.1215 Tw (were conducted with ) Tj 100.56 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (two) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0175 Tc 0.0625 Tw (different types of ) Tj 83.88 0 TD -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (GA) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0.08 Tc (. ) Tj 6.12 0 TD 0.0737 Tc (One) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0037 Tc 0.0837 Tw (variation was ) Tj 65.88 0 TD 0.0531 Tc 0.0269 Tw (a steady) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0 Tc 0.1393 Tw (state GA ) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0 Tc -0.04 Tw (that ) Tj -402.96 -13.44 TD -0.0038 Tc 1.6438 Tw (uses overlapping populations) Tj 139.56 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD 0.018 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 16.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD -0.0075 Tc 1.6475 Tw (it was arbitrarily decided that the fittest 25%) Tj 219.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD -0.0647 Tc 0.0247 Tw (of ) Tj 14.16 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (the) Tj 14.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD 0.0066 Tc 0 Tw (popul) Tj 26.64 0 TD 0.008 Tc 0.072 Tw (ation ) Tj 26.28 0 TD -0.0082 Tc 0.0882 Tw (overlaps between generations) Tj 138.24 0 TD -0.0022 Tc 0.0222 Tw (. A microbial GA ) Tj 84.72 0 TD 0.0159 Tc -0.0559 Tw (\(Harvey, 1996\)) Tj 71.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0114 Tc -0.0286 Tw (was also tested) Tj 70.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0074 Tc 2.8074 Tw (as an example of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 93 0 TD -0.0046 Tc 2.8046 Tw (a very minimal GA.) Tj 101.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD -0.0021 Tc 2.8421 Tw (The microbial GA uses a modified form of) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -200.52 -13.44 TD 0.004 Tc 1.396 Tw (tournament selection) Tj 99 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0104 Tc 1.5304 Tw (in which) Tj 42.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0023 Tc 1.4263 Tw (two random members of the population) Tj 191.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.0049 Tc 1.4049 Tw (get selected) Tj 56.16 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.007 Tc 0.193 Tw (an ) Tj -409.44 -13.44 TD -0.011 Tc -0.149 Tw (offspring ) Tj 46.68 0 TD 0.0647 Tc -0.1047 Tw (is ) Tj 12 0 TD -0.0066 Tc 1.1066 Tw (generated as usual) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 91.68 0 TD -0.0026 Tc 1.1326 Tw (by applying crossover and mutation) Tj 171.72 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.062 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 16.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0047 Tc 0 Tw (is) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0118 Tc 0.0682 Tw (then ) Tj 24.12 0 TD 0.0373 Tc 1.0027 Tw (used to) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -385.8 -13.44 TD -0.0157 Tc 0 Tw (replac) Tj 28.56 0 TD -0.0259 Tc (e) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.0215 Tc 0.6615 Tw (the less fit parent.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 88.08 0 TD -0.0079 Tc 0.3279 Tw (In each ) Tj 38.04 0 TD -0.0196 Tc -0.1404 Tw (effective ) Tj 44.28 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\221) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0019 Tc (generation) Tj 49.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (\222) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.007 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.002 Tc 0.562 Tw (his process is repeated as many) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -271.44 -13.32 TD 0 Tc 2.5741 Tw (times as there are individuals in the population. Since the fitter parent does not get) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.033 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 9 0 TD -0.0069 Tc 1.7669 Tw (odified during reproduction the microbial GA can be said to have) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 327.48 0 TD 0.0038 Tc 1.8762 Tw (50% generational) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -336.48 -13.44 TD -0.0498 Tc 0 Tw (overlap) Tj 34.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0408 Tw (on average) Tj 51 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -91.8 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0073 Tc 3.1473 Tw (Each of these) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 75.24 0 TD 0.0082 Tc -0.0482 Tw (simple ) Tj 37.32 0 TD 0.0635 Tc 0 Tw (GAs) Tj 21.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6.12 0 TD -0.0045 Tc 3.2045 Tw (was tested with) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 84.48 0 TD -0 Tc -0.0395 Tw (basic ) Tj 30.12 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 3.0635 Tw (uniform, one) Tj 63.48 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0073 Tc 3.1473 Tw (point and two) Tj 70.44 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0028 Tc (point) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD 0.0026 Tc 0.3974 Tw (crossover along with mutation) Tj 142.92 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.0061 Tc 0.2061 Tw (and also ) Tj 42.12 0 TD 0.0106 Tc -0.0506 Tw (just ) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.3871 Tw (with mutation alone) Tj 94.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0553 Tc 0.3247 Tw (as the c) Tj 35.76 0 TD 0.0115 Tc 0.3085 Tw (ontrol case) Tj 51.36 0 TD -0.0206 Tc 0.2206 Tw (. The ) Tj -396.12 -13.44 TD -0.015 Tc 0.975 Tw (probability of a particular gene getting mutated) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 229.68 0 TD -0.14 Tc -0.02 Tw (by ) Tj 15.36 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.9224 Tw (adjusting it with a value drawn from) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -245.04 -13.44 TD -0.0017 Tc 1.0417 Tw (the standard Gaussian distribution) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 166.32 0 TD -0.0141 Tc -0.0259 Tw (was ) Tj 22.08 0 TD -0.0207 Tc 1.0607 Tw (set to) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0.0188 Tc 1.0212 Tw (1%. The steady) Tj 74.16 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.002 Tc 1.082 Tw (state GA was additionally) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -296.28 -13.44 TD -0.0062 Tc 2.0062 Tw (tested with a higher mutation probability of 2.5%) Tj 243.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.92 0 TD -0.0113 Tc 2.0113 Tw (to get an ind) Tj 63.96 0 TD -0.0156 Tc 1.9756 Tw (ication of whether the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -312.72 -13.44 TD 0.003 Tc 0.197 Tw (mutation rate has any effects on the permutation problem) Tj 268.92 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.12 0 TD 0.0039 Tc 0.1761 Tw (In order to compare the impact ) Tj -275.04 -13.44 TD 0.0059 Tc 0.6741 Tw (of crossover in relation to) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 126.48 0 TD 0.0423 Tc 0 Tw (the) Tj 14.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0415 Tc 0 Tw (probability) Tj 51.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0095 Tc 0.7695 Tw (of its application during) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 117.6 0 TD -0.0135 Tc 0.8135 Tw (the generation of new) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -316.8 -13.44 TD 0.029 Tc 0 Tw (offspring) Tj 42.72 0 TD 0.08 Tc 1.08 Tw (, ) Tj 1.1741 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 12.24 0 TD 0.0041 Tc 1.1759 Tw (ach crossover operator was tested with ) Tj 1.193 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 194.04 0 TD 0.0064 Tc 1.1536 Tw (wo different probabilities) Tj 121.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0008 Tc 1.1592 Tw (10% and) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -378.12 -13.44 TD -0.0565 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 21.36 0 TD 0.0153 Tc 0.0647 Tw (\), ) Tj 10.56 0 TD 0.022 Tc 0.778 Tw (and hence) Tj 47.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.8292 Tw (crossover was not used in) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 127.08 0 TD 0.0011 Tc 0.8589 Tw (the generation of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 84.72 0 TD -0.0043 Tc -0.1557 Tw (every ) Tj 29.64 0 TD -0.0087 Tc 0.9287 Tw (new individual) Tj 70.8 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.6 0 TD -0.0141 Tc -0.0259 Tw (The ) Tj -402.36 -13.44 TD -0.0069 Tc 1.7669 Tw (microbial GA) Tj 66.24 0 TD 0.007 Tc 1.777 Tw (, which depends on a high crossover probability to implement selection,) Tj 354.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.009 Tc 0.839 Tw (was extended to deal with cases where no crossover) Tj 248.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0 Tc 0.7995 Tw (has taken place) Tj 72.96 0 TD -0.007 Tc 0 Tw (;) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj 8.4 0 TD 0.0072 Tc 0.7928 Tw (hen this happens) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -340.92 -13.32 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.1584 Tw (the offspring is generated by mutating the fitter parent and replacing the less fit one. ) Tj 397.68 0 TD 0.0235 Tc 0.0565 Tw (Note ) Tj -397.68 -13.44 TD -0.009 Tc 0.3719 Tw (that this creates a strong selection pressure as less fit individuals are completely removed ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0109 Tc -0.0209 Tw (from the population, whereas they) Tj 159.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0014 Tc -0.0014 Tw (are only modified whenever crossover is applied.) Tj 229.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -392.76 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0071 Tc 1.2822 Tw (All the combinations of settings described above were tested on both the breast cancer) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.0021 Tc 0.0179 Tw (and diabetes datasets) Tj 97.92 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD ( ) Tj -86.4 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj -17.4 -13.68 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (4.) Tj 8.76 0 TD /F2 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 8.76 0 TD /F1 11.68 Tf -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (R) Tj 8.4 0 TD -0.0306 Tc (esults) Tj 27.96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -53.88 -13.2 TD /F0 11.68 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0565 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 7.08 0 TD 0.005 Tc 2.5436 Tw (he effect of crossover on the evolution of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 215.88 0 TD 0.0094 Tc 0 Tw (ANNs) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.52 0 TD -0.0141 Tc 0 Tw (was) Tj 18.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.52 0 TD 0.0037 Tc 2.5563 Tw (analyzed from two different) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -282 -13.44 TD -0.0118 Tc 0 Tw (per) Tj 14.88 0 TD -0.011 Tc (spectives) Tj 42.72 0 TD -0.007 Tc (:) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 8.28 0 TD 0.0447 Tc 0 Tw (\(i\)) Tj 11.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 8.28 0 TD 0 Tc 5.4108 Tw (the generalization ability of the evolved solutions, namely) Tj 0 Tc -0.28 Tw ( ) Tj 317.4 0 TD 0.0823 Tc -0.0023 Tw (the ) Tj -405.96 -13.44 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.0854 Tw (classification ) Tj 65.04 0 TD 0.0476 Tc 0 Tw (accuracy) Tj 41.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0181 Tc 0.5419 Tw (that the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 38.88 0 TD 0.0094 Tc 0 Tw (ANNs) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0182 Tc 0.5818 Tw (achieve on the testing) Tj 103.44 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD 0.0253 Tc 0 Tw (data) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0176 Tc 0.5424 Tw (, and \(ii\)) Tj 41.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0795 Tw (computational ) Tj -353.64 -13.44 TD 0.0049 Tc 1.2751 Tw (efficiency in terms of) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 108.36 0 TD 0.0055 Tc 1.3145 Tw (the number of evaluations required to evolve) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 222 0 TD -0.0131 Tc 1.2931 Tw (a particular) Tj 54 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD 0.0212 Tc 0 Tw (weight) Tj 31.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.004 Tc 0 Tw (configuration) Tj 62.88 0 TD -0.04 Tc (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.0066 Tc 0.7866 Tw (This is a pragmatic choice since ) Tj 0.7906 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 160.8 0 TD 0.0055 Tc (itness) Tj 26.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0188 Tc 0.9388 Tw (evaluations are) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 74.64 0 TD -0.0089 Tc -0.1511 Tw (typically ) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.0299 Tc 0.7701 Tw (the most) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 75 0 obj 14205 endobj 73 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 64 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 19 0 R /F2 22 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 74 0 R >> endobj 77 0 obj << /Length 78 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 496.92 757.92 11.64 13.2 re h W n BT 496.92 760.68 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.08 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj ET Q BT 88.08 725.04 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0 Tc 5.3805 Tw (computationally expensive part of the evolutionary process) Tj 308.64 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 11.16 0 TD -0.0075 Tc 5.3675 Tw (A summary of ) Tj 5.393 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 89.76 0 TD -0.053 Tc 0.013 Tw (he ) Tj -409.56 -13.44 TD 0.0058 Tc 0.0342 Tw (classification accuracy results ) Tj 142.8 0 TD 0.1247 Tc 0 Tw (is) Tj 7.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0075 Tc 0.1325 Tw (presented first followed by a summary of the evaluat) Tj 247.2 0 TD 0.0224 Tc -0.0624 Tw (ions ) Tj -400.92 -13.32 TD -0.0089 Tc 2.1289 Tw (required to achieve those results.) Tj 161.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD -0.0059 Tc 2.0959 Tw (The following notation is used:) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 159.24 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 8.28 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.92 0 TD -0.01 Tc 2.07 Tw (= probability of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -343.08 -13.44 TD -0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (mutation) Tj 41.52 0 TD -0.04 Tc (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.04 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD 0.0096 Tc 2.9904 Tw (= probability of crossover) Tj 130.32 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0069 Tc 3.1269 Tw (uni. = uniform crossover) Tj 124.8 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 5.76 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0711 Tc 2.8889 Tw (p. = one) Tj 44.16 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0212 Tc 0.0588 Tw (point ) Tj -396.36 -13.44 TD -0.0131 Tc 0 Tw (crossover) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.04 Tc (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.0179 Tw (p. = two) Tj 38.76 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0094 Tc -0.0306 Tw (point crossover) Tj 71.52 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD -0.0069 Tc 0.0269 Tw (pop. size = population size) Tj 125.04 0 TD 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -311.28 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0267 Tc 0 Tw (4.1) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F4 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0182 Tc 0 Tw (Test) Tj 20.04 0 TD 0.0643 Tc (ing) Tj 14.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.067 Tc 0 Tw (da) Tj 11.04 0 TD 0.0204 Tc -0.0604 Tw (ta c) Tj 16.56 0 TD 0.0044 Tc 0.0756 Tw (lassification accuracy) Tj 100.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -183.84 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.011 Tc 0.121 Tw (A summary of the breast cancer and diabetes test) Tj 229.56 0 TD 0.1043 Tc 0 Tw (ing) Tj 14.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0089 Tc 0.1789 Tw (data classification accuracy achieved ) Tj -247.44 -13.44 TD -0.0143 Tc 0.6943 Tw (by the evolved) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 73.44 0 TD 0.0094 Tc 0 Tw (ANNs) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.018 Tc 0.698 Tw (as a result of) Tj 61.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.6432 Tw (various GA settings can be found in Tables 1 and) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 239.76 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 6 0 TD 0.08 Tc (, ) Tj -417.48 -13.44 TD -0.0244 Tc (respectively.) Tj 59.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 7.2 0 TD -0.0082 Tc 0.0882 Tw (To ) Tj 20.16 0 TD 0.0244 Tc 0.0556 Tw (check ) Tj 34.56 0 TD 0.0918 Tc 0 Tw (if) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 7.2 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 4.2765 Tw (the use of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 61.2 0 TD -0.0053 Tc 4.2853 Tw (crossover had) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 76.08 0 TD -0.022 Tc -0.138 Tw (any ) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (significant) Tj 49.44 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 7.2 0 TD -0.0088 Tc 4.3488 Tw (effect on the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -353.52 -13.44 TD -0.0093 Tc 3.0893 Tw (classification accuracy of the evolved) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 193.8 0 TD 0.0094 Tc 0 Tw (ANNs) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0091 Tc 3.1131 Tw (the results of each GA variation) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 170.16 0 TD -0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (with) Tj 20.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0045 Tc 0.8845 Tw (crossover were compared with) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 149.28 0 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.8279 Tw (those of the corresponding mutation) Tj 172.08 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0018 Tc -0.1582 Tw (only ) Tj 24.6 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (variation) Tj 41.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0.0259 Tc -0.0659 Tw (using ) Tj -395.04 -13.44 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0423 Tw (the ) Tj 17.16 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.0855 Tw (tailed ) Tj 28.8 0 TD 0.0071 Tc -0.0471 Tw (student\222s ) Tj 45.12 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.007 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 3.24 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0353 Tc -0.0753 Tw (test. ) Tj 22.2 0 TD 0.0042 Tc -0.0042 Tw (All classification results ) Tj 115.92 0 TD -0.0124 Tc 0.0204 Tw (are rounded to two decimal points.) Tj 162.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -408.12 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0034 Tc 1.4034 Tw (The breast cancer results shown in Table 1a were not significantly different from each) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0485 Tc 0 Tw (other) Tj 24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.76 0 TD 0.0015 Tc 2.9225 Tw (with one exception where there was a statistically significant improvement in) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -29.76 -13.32 TD 0.0118 Tc 1.5082 Tw (classification accuracy for a steady) Tj 169.32 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0132 Tc 1.5332 Tw (state GA set) Tj 60.36 0 TD -0.0306 Tc 1.5506 Tw (ting \(1) Tj 32.16 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0377 Tc 0.0423 Tw (p.; ) Tj 16.56 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 8.4 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0.006 Tc 1.514 Tw (= 2.5%;) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 43.08 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.28 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0.0152 Tc 1.5048 Tw (= 60%;) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 40.2 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.64 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (a) Tj 4.08 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.1075 Tc -0.0525 Tw (< ) Tj -414 -13.44 TD 0.0046 Tc 0.1954 Tw (0.0441\) in comparison to its mutation) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0068 Tc 0.2468 Tw (only variation. The percentage accuracies achieved ) Tj -180.84 -13.44 TD 0.0039 Tc 0.1043 Tw (for the breast cancer data with a population size of 500 are summarized in Table 1b; none ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0067 Tc 2.4667 Tw (of the settings produced results that ) Tj 2.487 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj 191.64 0 TD -0.0111 Tc 2.4671 Tw (ere significantly different from using mutation) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -191.64 -13.44 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.9441 Tw (alone. The diabetes classification results shown in Table 2 were not different from each) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.2391 Tw (other except for a microbial GA variation \(1) Tj 208.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0023 Tc -0.0377 Tw (p.; ) Tj 15.12 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 8.52 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.006 Tc 0.074 Tw (= 1.0%; ) Tj 40.44 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0152 Tc 0.1248 Tw (= 60%; ) Tj 37.56 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.88 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (a) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0141 Tc 0.2141 Tw (< 0.023\), which ) Tj -346.08 -13.44 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.0234 Tw (also showed a statistically si) Tj 132.48 0 TD -0.0183 Tc 0.0683 Tw (gnificant increase in classification accuracy.) Tj 206.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -321.6 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0.48 -12 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0354 Tc 0 Tw (GA:) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 25.44 0 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0723 Tw (Uni. ) Tj 19.56 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15.24 0 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0723 Tw (Uni. ) Tj 19.56 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15.84 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 16.32 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 16.32 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 16.32 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0605 Tc 0 Tw (None) Tj 21.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 385.92 52.56 0.48 re f 140.64 385.92 0.48 0.48 re f 141.12 385.92 52.08 0.48 re f 193.2 385.92 0.48 0.48 re f 193.68 385.92 52.08 0.48 re f 245.76 385.92 0.48 0.48 re f 246.24 385.92 52.08 0.48 re f 298.32 385.92 0.48 0.48 re f 298.8 385.92 52.08 0.48 re f 350.88 385.92 0.48 0.48 re f 351.36 385.92 52.08 0.48 re f 403.44 385.92 0.48 0.48 re f 403.92 385.92 52.08 0.48 re f 456 385.92 0.48 0.48 re f 456.48 385.92 43.32 0.48 re f BT 93.36 363 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (1.0%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 21.84 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.16) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (93.69) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.11) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.89) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.68) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.70) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 23.88 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (93.38) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 371.64 52.56 1.44 re f 140.64 371.64 1.44 1.44 re f 142.08 371.64 51.12 1.44 re f 193.2 371.64 1.44 1.44 re f 194.64 371.64 51.12 1.44 re f 245.76 371.64 1.44 1.44 re f 247.2 371.64 51.12 1.44 re f 298.32 371.64 1.44 1.44 re f 299.76 371.64 51.12 1.44 re f 350.88 371.64 1.44 1.44 re f 352.32 371.64 51.12 1.44 re f 403.44 371.64 1.44 1.44 re f 404.88 371.64 51.12 1.44 re f 456 371.64 1.44 1.44 re f 457.44 371.64 42.36 1.44 re f BT 93.36 351.84 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (2.5%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 21.84 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.20) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.45) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.27) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 310.56 349.68 24.36 10.8 re h W n BT 310.56 351.84 TD /F5 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.78) Tj ET Q q 334.92 355.08 3.72 5.4 re h W n BT 334.92 356.64 TD /F2 6.3072 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj ET Q q 338.52 349.44 5.4 11.04 re h W n BT 338.52 351.84 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf ( ) Tj ET Q BT 364.92 351.48 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.52) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.10) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 23.88 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.53) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj -396.72 -10.92 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0134 Tc 0 Tw (Micro) Tj 23.76 0 TD 0.0546 Tc (bial) Tj 14.64 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 20.28 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.65) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.77) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.58) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.96) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0237 Tc (4.98) Tj 18.96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.96) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 23.88 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.63) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 87.36 337.56 53.28 0.48 re f 139.92 337.56 0.48 0.48 re f 140.4 337.56 52.8 0.48 re f 192.48 337.56 0.48 0.48 re f 192.96 337.56 52.8 0.48 re f 245.04 337.56 0.48 0.48 re f 245.52 337.56 52.8 0.48 re f 297.6 337.56 0.48 0.48 re f 298.08 337.56 52.8 0.48 re f 350.16 337.56 0.48 0.48 re f 350.64 337.56 52.8 0.48 re f 402.72 337.56 0.48 0.48 re f 403.2 337.56 52.8 0.48 re f 455.28 337.56 0.48 0.48 re f 455.76 337.56 44.04 0.48 re f BT 88.08 328.68 TD /F1 9.6944 Tf -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -12.84 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.0471 Tc 0.2729 Tw (Table 1) Tj 37.56 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.04 Tc (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0037 Tc 0.1363 Tw (Breast cancer ) Tj 66.96 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0039 Tc 0.4361 Tw (testing data) Tj 55.32 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.0067 Tc 0.2833 Tw (; classification accuracy averaged over 15 runs \(pop. ) Tj -171.96 -13.44 TD -0.0044 Tc 0.4444 Tw (size = 50\).) Tj 50.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.1137 Tc 0 Tw (One) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0.4377 Tw (set of runs) Tj 49.68 0 TD 0 Tc 0.4394 Tw (, highlighted in bold,) Tj 99.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj 8.4 0 TD -0.0047 Tc (as) Tj 9.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0045 Tc 0.1955 Tw (significantly better ) Tj 91.8 0 TD -0.0126 Tc 0.5726 Tw (on average) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 54.84 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.96 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (p) Tj 5.76 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (a) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD 0.0125 Tc 0 Tw (<) Tj 6.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD 0.02 Tc 0 Tw (0.04) Tj 20.4 0 TD 0.04 Tc (41) Tj 11.76 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (\)) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.0168 Tw (than mutation alone) Tj 92.76 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0041 Tc -0.0441 Tw (The highest classification) Tj 119.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0069 Tc 0.0269 Tw (accuracy is highlighted in italics.) Tj 154.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -413.88 -11.52 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.28 TD ( ) Tj 17.4 -11.64 TD 0.0354 Tc 0 Tw (GA:) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 25.44 0 TD 0.0607 Tc -0.0843 Tw (Uni. 10%) Tj 37.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15.72 0 TD 0.0607 Tc -0.0843 Tw (Uni. 60%) Tj 37.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15.84 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 16.32 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 16.32 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 16.32 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0605 Tc 0 Tw (None) Tj 21.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 263.16 51.6 0.48 re f 139.68 263.16 0.48 0.48 re f 140.16 263.16 53.04 0.48 re f 193.2 263.16 0.48 0.48 re f 193.68 263.16 52.08 0.48 re f 245.76 263.16 0.48 0.48 re f 246.24 263.16 52.08 0.48 re f 298.32 263.16 0.48 0.48 re f 298.8 263.16 52.08 0.48 re f 350.88 263.16 0.48 0.48 re f 351.36 263.16 52.08 0.48 re f 403.44 263.16 0.48 0.48 re f 403.92 263.16 52.08 0.48 re f 456 263.16 0.48 0.48 re f 456.48 263.16 43.32 0.48 re f BT 93.36 240.24 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (1.0%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 21.36 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.59) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.68 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.74) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.79) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.03) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.08) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.31) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 23.88 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.22) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 248.88 51.6 1.44 re f 139.68 248.88 1.44 1.44 re f 141.12 248.88 52.08 1.44 re f 193.2 248.88 1.44 1.44 re f 194.64 248.88 51.12 1.44 re f 245.76 248.88 1.44 1.44 re f 247.2 248.88 51.12 1.44 re f 298.32 248.88 1.44 1.44 re f 299.76 248.88 51.12 1.44 re f 350.88 248.88 1.44 1.44 re f 352.32 248.88 51.12 1.44 re f 403.44 248.88 1.44 1.44 re f 404.88 248.88 51.12 1.44 re f 456 248.88 1.44 1.44 re f 457.44 248.88 42.36 1.44 re f BT 93.36 229.08 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (2.5%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 21.36 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.74) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.68 0 TD /F6 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (96.80) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.92) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (96.14) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (96.09) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.88) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 23.88 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (96.21) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj -396.72 -10.92 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0134 Tc 0 Tw (Micro) Tj 23.76 0 TD 0.0546 Tc (bial) Tj 14.64 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 19.8 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.44) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.68 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.70) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.01) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.94) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.70) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (95.22) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 23.88 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (94.63) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 87.36 214.8 52.32 0.48 re f 138.96 214.8 0.48 0.48 re f 139.44 214.8 53.76 0.48 re f 192.48 214.8 0.48 0.48 re f 192.96 214.8 52.8 0.48 re f 245.04 214.8 0.48 0.48 re f 245.52 214.8 52.8 0.48 re f 297.6 214.8 0.48 0.48 re f 298.08 214.8 52.8 0.48 re f 350.16 214.8 0.48 0.48 re f 350.64 214.8 52.8 0.48 re f 402.72 214.8 0.48 0.48 re f 403.2 214.8 52.8 0.48 re f 455.28 214.8 0.48 0.48 re f 455.76 214.8 44.04 0.48 re f BT 88.08 204 TD /F1 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.2 TD -0.0165 Tc 0.3365 Tw (Table 1b.) Tj 46.92 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0063 Tc 0.1463 Tw (Breast cancer ) Tj 66.84 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0148 Tc 0.3052 Tw (testing data) Tj 55.32 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0037 Tc 0.2937 Tw (; classification accuracy averaged over 15 runs \(pop. ) Tj -172.44 -13.44 TD 0 Tc 0.3199 Tw (size = 500\).) Tj 55.56 0 TD -0.0023 Tc 0.3356 Tw (None of the settings were significantly different from each other.) Tj 306.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0186 Tc 0.2186 Tw (The highest ) Tj -365.4 -13.44 TD 0.0016 Tc -0.0176 Tw (classification accuracy is highlighted in italics.) Tj 218.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -218.64 -13.32 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj T* ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 78 0 obj 20834 endobj 76 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 64 0 R /Resources << /Font 83 0 R /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 77 0 R >> endobj 83 0 obj << /F0 6 0 R /F1 19 0 R /F2 22 0 R /F3 36 0 R /F4 58 0 R /F5 79 0 R /F6 81 0 R >> endobj 85 0 obj << /Length 86 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 496.92 757.92 11.64 13.2 re h W n BT 496.92 760.68 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.08 Tc 0 Tw (12) Tj ET Q BT 105.48 726.48 TD 0.0354 Tc 0 Tw (GA:) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 24.72 0 TD 0.0487 Tc 0.0477 Tw (Uni. ) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15.72 0 TD 0.0487 Tc 0.0477 Tw (Uni. ) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 16.8 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 16.32 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 16.32 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 16.32 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0605 Tc 0 Tw (None) Tj 21.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 735.12 51.72 0.48 re f 139.8 735.12 0.48 0.48 re f 140.28 735.12 50.88 0.48 re f 191.16 735.12 0.48 0.48 re f 191.64 735.12 54.12 0.48 re f 245.76 735.12 0.48 0.48 re f 246.24 735.12 52.08 0.48 re f 298.32 735.12 0.48 0.48 re f 298.8 735.12 52.08 0.48 re f 350.88 735.12 0.48 0.48 re f 351.36 735.12 52.08 0.48 re f 403.44 735.12 0.48 0.48 re f 403.92 735.12 52.08 0.48 re f 456 735.12 0.48 0.48 re f 456.48 735.12 43.32 0.48 re f BT 93.36 712.08 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (1.0%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 153.36 709.68 24.48 10.8 re h W n BT 153.36 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (71.70) Tj ET Q q 177.84 709.68 5.4 10.8 re h W n BT 177.84 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q q 206.28 709.68 24.48 10.8 re h W n BT 206.28 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (71.39) Tj ET Q q 230.64 709.68 5.4 10.8 re h W n BT 230.64 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q q 259.8 709.68 24.48 10.8 re h W n BT 259.8 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (69.90) Tj ET Q q 284.16 709.68 5.4 10.8 re h W n BT 284.16 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q q 312.36 709.68 24.48 10.8 re h W n BT 312.36 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (70.76) Tj ET Q q 336.72 709.68 5.4 10.8 re h W n BT 336.72 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q q 364.92 709.68 24.48 10.8 re h W n BT 364.92 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (69.90) Tj ET Q q 389.28 709.68 5.4 10.8 re h W n BT 389.28 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q q 417.48 709.68 24.48 10.8 re h W n BT 417.48 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (71.28) Tj ET Q q 441.84 709.68 5.4 10.8 re h W n BT 441.84 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q q 465.72 709.68 24.48 10.8 re h W n BT 465.72 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (71.01) Tj ET Q q 490.08 709.68 5.4 10.8 re h W n BT 490.08 711.72 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET Q 88.08 720.84 51.72 1.44 re f 139.8 720.84 1.44 1.44 re f 141.24 720.84 49.92 1.44 re f 191.16 720.84 1.44 1.44 re f 192.6 720.84 53.16 1.44 re f 245.76 720.84 1.44 1.44 re f 247.2 720.84 51.12 1.44 re f 298.32 720.84 1.44 1.44 re f 299.76 720.84 51.12 1.44 re f 350.88 720.84 1.44 1.44 re f 352.32 720.84 51.12 1.44 re f 403.44 720.84 1.44 1.44 re f 404.88 720.84 51.12 1.44 re f 456 720.84 1.44 1.44 re f 457.44 720.84 42.36 1.44 re f BT 93.36 701.04 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (2.5%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 20.52 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (73.54) Tj 24.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.44 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (73.09) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.16 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (72.47) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (72.01) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (72.88) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (71.81) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 23.88 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (73.06) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj -396.72 -10.92 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0134 Tc 0 Tw (Micro) Tj 23.76 0 TD 0.0546 Tc (bial) Tj 14.64 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 18.96 -0.24 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (72.47) Tj 24.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.44 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (73.82) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.16 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (73.37) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 26.4 0 TD /F5 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (75.49) Tj ET q 334.92 693 3.72 5.4 re h W n BT 334.92 694.44 TD /F5 6.3072 Tf -0.0268 Tc (a) Tj ET Q BT 338.52 689.52 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 26.4 0 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (73.30) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 28.2 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (74.69) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 23.88 0 TD 0.0209 Tc 0 Tw (73.47) Tj 24.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 87.36 686.76 52.44 0.48 re f 139.08 686.76 0.48 0.48 re f 139.56 686.76 51.6 0.48 re f 190.56 686.76 0.48 0.48 re f 191.04 686.76 54.72 0.48 re f 245.04 686.76 0.48 0.48 re f 245.52 686.76 52.8 0.48 re f 297.6 686.76 0.48 0.48 re f 298.08 686.76 52.8 0.48 re f 350.16 686.76 0.48 0.48 re f 350.64 686.76 52.8 0.48 re f 402.72 686.76 0.48 0.48 re f 403.2 686.76 52.8 0.48 re f 455.28 686.76 0.48 0.48 re f 455.76 686.76 44.04 0.48 re f BT 88.08 676.08 TD /F1 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0405 Tw (Table ) Tj 31.68 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 5.76 0 TD -0.04 Tc (.) Tj 3 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0085 Tc -0.0315 Tw (Diabetes ) Tj 43.92 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0148 Tc 0.1852 Tw (testing data) Tj 55.08 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0026 Tc 0.2026 Tw (; classifica) Tj 49.8 0 TD -0.0133 Tc 0.2 Tw (tion accuracy averaged over 15 runs \(pop. size = ) Tj -192.36 -13.44 TD -0.0324 Tc 0 Tw (50\).) Tj 18.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0102 Tc 0.3098 Tw (One set of runs) Tj 72.12 0 TD 0.0133 Tc 0.3067 Tw (, highlighted in bold,) Tj 98.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.015 Tc 0.329 Tw (was significantly better on average \() Tj 171.48 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.88 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (a) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.029 Tc 0.291 Tw (< 0.023\)) Tj 40.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.0909 Tw (than mutation alone) Tj 92.64 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0058 Tw (The highest classification accuracy is highlighted in italics.) Tj 276.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -374.88 -11.64 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.08 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0032 Tc 1.6432 Tw (Note that) Tj 44.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD 0.0231 Tc 1.4969 Tw (the results) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 53.88 0 TD 0.0103 Tc 0 Tw (presente) Tj 39 0 TD -0.0043 Tc 1.6443 Tw (d here) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD 0.0153 Tc 0 Tw (contra) Tj 29.16 0 TD 0.0047 Tc (st) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0423 Tw (the ) Tj 18.96 0 TD -0.0427 Tc 0 Tw (claims) Tj 30.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD -0.0044 Tc 1.6444 Tw (of the permutation problem) Tj 132.96 0 TD 0.0478 Tc 1.7122 Tw (. It) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -405.6 -13.44 TD -0.0075 Tc 0.6104 Tw (seems that in these experiments the use of crossover generally made no difference to the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0124 Tc 2.7924 Tw (evolved generalization ability. In addition,) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 214.8 0 TD -0.0042 Tc 2.7002 Tw (where there was a statistically significant) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -214.8 -13.32 TD -0.0122 Tc 0.0922 Tw (difference in ) Tj 62.16 0 TD 0.0145 Tc 0 Tw (classi) Tj 26.04 0 TD 0.0097 Tc 0.0703 Tw (fication ) Tj 38.64 0 TD -0.0124 Tc -0.1476 Tw (accuracy ) Tj 44.28 0 TD -0.0144 Tc 0.0944 Tw (this was actually an ) Tj 94.68 0 TD -0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (improvement) Tj 62.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD -0.0084 Tc 0.2084 Tw (in generalization) Tj 78.24 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -397.68 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj -17.4 -13.44 TD -0.0267 Tc 0 Tw (4.2) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F4 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0088 Tc 0.0888 Tw (Number of evaluations) Tj 107.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -124.56 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0023 Tc 2.2423 Tw (The number of evaluations of the fitness function provides a reliable measure of the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0085 Tc 0.8521 Tw (computational cost incurred in finding a solution. It also allows an easier) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 352.68 0 TD -0.0124 Tc 0.8124 Tw (comparison of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -352.68 -13.44 TD -0.0038 Tc 0.7638 Tw (efficiency with other algorithms.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 158.88 0 TD -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 8.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0086 Tc 0.6714 Tw (particular classification accurac) Tj 149.64 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj 5.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.0069 Tc 0.7669 Tw (of the training data) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -329.76 -13.44 TD -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (w) Tj 8.4 0 TD -0.0047 Tc (as) Tj 9.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.005 Tc 0.46 Tw (selected, and the mean number of evaluations required to) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 273.84 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0.4578 Tw (reach it was recorded) Tj 100.68 0 TD 0.0212 Tc 0.4188 Tw (. Th) Tj 19.32 0 TD -0.0259 Tc -0.0141 Tw (e ) Tj -415.32 -13.44 TD 0.0019 Tc 3.2221 Tw (training accuracy was chosen because it) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 208.8 0 TD -0.0087 Tc 3.2687 Tw (allows a simple) Tj 79.08 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6.24 0 TD -0.0177 Tc 0 Tw (assess) Tj 28.56 0 TD 0.04 Tc (ment) Tj 23.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6.24 0 TD -0.0647 Tc 0 Tw (of) Tj 9.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6.24 0 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0423 Tw (the ) Tj 20.4 0 TD 0.0212 Tc 0 Tw (impact) Tj 31.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0131 Tc 0 Tw (crossover) Tj 44.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0102 Tc -0.0502 Tw (has ) Tj 18.72 0 TD 0.0196 Tc 0.1804 Tw (on search efficiency) Tj 94.32 0 TD -0.0104 Tc 0.2104 Tw (, and it avoids having to also evaluate the ANNs on the ) Tj -160.8 -13.44 TD -0.0087 Tc 0.5087 Tw (testing data at every generation) Tj 147.6 0 TD 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.36 0 TD -0.033 Tc -0.007 Tw (A ) Tj 11.76 0 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.0854 Tw (classification ) Tj 64.92 0 TD -0.0068 Tc 0.4734 Tw (target is said to be reached as soon as at) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -230.64 -13.44 TD -0.0038 Tc 1.7638 Tw (least one of the individuals of a population achieves) Tj 256.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.68 0 TD -0.0025 Tc 1.7625 Tw (the required accuracy.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 111.72 0 TD -0.011 Tc 1.771 Tw (For better) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -373.08 -13.44 TD -0.0019 Tc 0.8019 Tw (comparison ) Tj 0.833 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 61.44 0 TD -0.0026 Tc 0.8026 Tw (he targets were chosen so that most) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 173.88 0 TD -0 Tc 0.8005 Tw (of the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 31.44 0 TD -0.0102 Tc -0.2698 Tw (evolutionary ) Tj 62.76 0 TD 0 Tc 0.7999 Tw (runs would be able) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -329.52 -13.44 TD -0.0102 Tc 0.2702 Tw (to satisfy the criteria. ) Tj 102.72 0 TD -0.0141 Tc 0 Tw (F) Tj 6.24 0 TD 0.0197 Tc 0.1803 Tw (or the breast cancer data) Tj 114.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.037 Tc 0.193 Tw (it was chosen to be) Tj 90.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0141 Tc 0 Tw (94%;) Tj 24.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0183 Tc 0.2183 Tw (or the diabetes ) Tj -351.96 -13.44 TD 0.0035 Tc 1.9965 Tw (data runs) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 49.56 0 TD -0.0113 Tc 2.1313 Tw (it was) Tj 29.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD -0.0224 Tc -0.0176 Tw (78%. ) Tj 29.28 0 TD -0.0315 Tc 2.1515 Tw (The number of eval) Tj 97.92 0 TD 0.0138 Tc -0.0538 Tw (uations ) Tj 38.88 0 TD -0 Tc -0.04 Tw (that ) Tj 22.56 0 TD -0.013 Tc 2.133 Tw (the breast cancer and diabetes) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -272.88 -13.32 TD -0.0083 Tc 0 Tw (experiments) Tj 57 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0105 Tc 0.5705 Tw (required to reach th) Tj 92.64 0 TD 0.0047 Tc -0.0447 Tw (is ) Tj 11.28 0 TD -0.0126 Tc -0.0274 Tw (target ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.001 Tc 0.479 Tw (are summarized in Tables) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 125.16 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.018 Tc 0.182 Tw (and ) Tj 20.4 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0256 Tc 0.5856 Tw (, respectively.) Tj 65.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.001 Tc -0.039 Tw (All values ) Tj 50.52 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 5.16 0 TD -0.0027 Tc 0.0227 Tw (re rounded to nearest integer.) Tj 136.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -174.96 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj -0.12 -12.12 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0354 Tc 0 Tw (GA:) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 24.24 0 TD 0.0487 Tc 0.0477 Tw (Uni. ) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 14.04 0 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0723 Tw (Uni. ) Tj 19.56 0 TD 0.0367 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 17.16 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.8 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0532 Tc -0.0768 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.32 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15.24 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0532 Tc 0.0432 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.32 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0532 Tc -0.0768 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0367 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 22.44 0 TD 0.0605 Tc 0 Tw (None) Tj 21.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 339.24 51.36 0.48 re f 139.44 339.24 0.48 0.48 re f 139.92 339.24 50.76 0.48 re f 190.68 339.24 0.36 0.48 re f 191.04 339.24 50.88 0.48 re f 241.92 339.24 0.48 0.48 re f 242.4 339.24 56.04 0.48 re f 298.44 339.24 0.48 0.48 re f 298.92 339.24 51.36 0.48 re f 350.28 339.24 0.48 0.48 re f 350.76 339.24 50.64 0.48 re f 401.4 339.24 0.48 0.48 re f 401.88 339.24 50.88 0.48 re f 452.76 339.24 0.48 0.48 re f 453.24 339.24 50.52 0.48 re f BT 93.36 316.32 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (1.0%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 21.36 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (3047) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 203.64 313.92 21.72 11.04 re h W n BT 203.64 316.32 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (1705) Tj ET Q q 225.24 319.68 3.72 5.28 re h W n BT 225.24 321.24 TD /F2 6.3072 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj ET Q q 228.84 313.92 5.4 11.04 re h W n BT 228.84 316.32 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf ( ) Tj ET Q BT 259.32 315.96 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (4049) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 311.64 313.92 21.6 11.04 re h W n BT 311.64 316.32 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (1890) Tj ET Q q 333.12 319.68 4.08 5.28 re h W n BT 333.12 321.24 TD /F2 6.3072 Tf -0.0137 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj ET Q q 337.08 313.92 5.4 11.04 re h W n BT 337.08 316.32 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf ( ) Tj ET Q BT 365.04 315.96 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (3553) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 414.48 313.92 21.72 11.04 re h W n BT 414.48 316.32 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (1611) Tj ET Q q 436.08 319.68 3.72 5.28 re h W n BT 436.08 321.24 TD /F2 6.3072 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj ET Q q 439.68 313.92 5.4 11.04 re h W n BT 439.68 316.32 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf ( ) Tj ET Q BT 467.4 315.96 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (4186) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 325.08 51.36 1.32 re f 139.44 325.08 1.44 1.32 re f 140.88 325.08 49.8 1.32 re f 190.68 325.08 1.32 1.32 re f 192 325.08 49.92 1.32 re f 241.92 325.08 1.44 1.32 re f 243.36 325.08 55.08 1.32 re f 298.44 325.08 1.44 1.32 re f 299.88 325.08 50.4 1.32 re f 350.28 325.08 1.44 1.32 re f 351.72 325.08 49.68 1.32 re f 401.4 325.08 1.44 1.32 re f 402.84 325.08 49.92 1.32 re f 452.76 325.08 1.32 1.32 re f 454.08 325.08 49.68 1.32 re f BT 93.36 305.16 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (2.5%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 21.36 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (2177) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.64 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (2259) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 32.28 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (2504) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 32.64 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (2363) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.88 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (2380) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.64 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (2496) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.52 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (3202) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj -395.64 -10.8 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.002 Tc 0 Tw (Micro:) Tj 26.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 34.32 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (3534) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.64 0 TD /F6 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (1435) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 32.28 0 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (2644) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 32.64 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (5193) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.88 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (2187) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.64 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (2690) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.52 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (2655) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 87.36 291 52.08 0.36 re f 138.72 291 0.48 0.36 re f 139.2 291 51.48 0.36 re f 189.96 291 0.48 0.36 re f 190.44 291 51.48 0.36 re f 241.2 291 0.48 0.36 re f 241.68 291 56.76 0.36 re f 297.72 291 0.48 0.36 re f 298.2 291 52.08 0.36 re f 349.56 291 0.48 0.36 re f 350.04 291 51.36 0.36 re f 400.8 291 0.48 0.36 re f 401.28 291 51.48 0.36 re f 452.04 291 0.48 0.36 re f 452.52 291 51.24 0.36 re f BT 88.08 280.2 TD /F1 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0405 Tw (Table ) Tj 31.68 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 5.76 0 TD 0.06 Tc (a.) Tj 8.76 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.0163 Tc 0.0963 Tw (Breast cancer ) Tj 66.48 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0224 Tc 0.1776 Tw (training data) Tj 61.68 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0117 Tc 0.2417 Tw (; evaluations taken for 94% accuracy averaged over ) Tj -177.6 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 0.0801 Tw (15 runs \(pop. size = 50\). ) Tj 117.48 0 TD -0.0224 Tc 0.1024 Tw (Three settings) Tj 65.88 0 TD 0.06 Tc 0.14 Tw (, h) Tj 11.76 0 TD 0.0078 Tc 0.0722 Tw (ighlighted in bold,) Tj 86.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0197 Tc -0.0803 Tw (were significantly ) Tj 86.88 0 TD -0.0235 Tc 0 Tw (faster) Tj 25.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0118 Tc 0.1882 Tw (than ) Tj -400.32 -13.44 TD 0 Tc 2.2395 Tw (mutation alone) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 77.16 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.96 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (p) Tj 5.76 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (a) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.0166 Tc 2.2234 Tw (< 0.0275,) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 52.2 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.88 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (b) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.0016 Tc 2.3584 Tw (< 0.0234,) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 52.2 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.64 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0054 Tc (c) Tj 3.6 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD 0.0092 Tc 2.3508 Tw (< 0.0166\).) Tj 50.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD -0.0059 Tc 2.3359 Tw (The most efficient result is) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -286.08 -13.44 TD -0 Tc -0.0398 Tw (highlighted in italics.) Tj 98.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -98.88 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 17.28 -12 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0354 Tc 0 Tw (GA:) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 24.24 0 TD 0.0487 Tc 0.0477 Tw (Uni. ) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 14.04 0 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0723 Tw (Uni. ) Tj 19.56 0 TD 0.0367 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 17.16 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.8 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0532 Tc -0.0768 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.32 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 18 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15.24 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0532 Tc 0.0432 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.32 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0532 Tc -0.0768 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0367 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 22.44 0 TD 0.0605 Tc 0 Tw (None) Tj 21.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 209.88 51.36 0.48 re f 139.44 209.88 0.48 0.48 re f 139.92 209.88 50.76 0.48 re f 190.68 209.88 0.36 0.48 re f 191.04 209.88 50.88 0.48 re f 241.92 209.88 0.48 0.48 re f 242.4 209.88 56.04 0.48 re f 298.44 209.88 0.48 0.48 re f 298.92 209.88 51.36 0.48 re f 350.28 209.88 0.48 0.48 re f 350.76 209.88 50.64 0.48 re f 401.4 209.88 0.48 0.48 re f 401.88 209.88 50.88 0.48 re f 452.76 209.88 0.48 0.48 re f 453.24 209.88 50.52 0.48 re f BT 93.36 186.84 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (1.0%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 24 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (987) Tj 16.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 203.64 184.44 21.72 11.04 re h W n BT 203.64 186.84 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (1219) Tj ET Q q 225.24 190.2 3.72 5.28 re h W n BT 225.24 191.76 TD /F2 6.3072 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj ET Q q 228.84 184.44 5.4 11.04 re h W n BT 228.84 186.84 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf ( ) Tj ET Q BT 261.96 186.48 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (880) Tj 16.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 311.64 184.44 21.6 11.04 re h W n BT 311.64 186.84 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (1315) Tj ET Q q 333.12 190.2 4.08 5.28 re h W n BT 333.12 191.76 TD /F2 6.3072 Tf -0.0137 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj ET Q q 337.08 184.44 5.4 11.04 re h W n BT 337.08 186.84 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf ( ) Tj ET Q BT 365.04 186.48 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 5.4 0 TD -0.0301 Tc (001) Tj 16.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.64 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (1071) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 32.28 0 TD -0.0701 Tc 0 Tw (930) Tj 16.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 195.6 51.36 1.44 re f 139.44 195.6 1.44 1.44 re f 140.88 195.6 49.8 1.44 re f 190.68 195.6 1.32 1.44 re f 192 195.6 49.92 1.44 re f 241.92 195.6 1.44 1.44 re f 243.36 195.6 55.08 1.44 re f 298.44 195.6 1.44 1.44 re f 299.88 195.6 50.4 1.44 re f 350.28 195.6 1.44 1.44 re f 351.72 195.6 49.68 1.44 re f 401.4 195.6 1.44 1.44 re f 402.84 195.6 49.92 1.44 re f 452.76 195.6 1.32 1.44 re f 454.08 195.6 49.68 1.44 re f BT 93.36 175.68 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (2.5%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 21.36 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (1095) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.64 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (1286) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 34.92 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (992) Tj 16.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 35.28 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (1340) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 32.52 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (984) Tj 16.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 32.4 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (1283) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.52 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (1142) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj -395.64 -10.8 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.002 Tc 0 Tw (Micro:) Tj 26.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 36.96 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (73) Tj 10.8 0 TD (8) Tj 5.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 206.4 162.12 16.2 11.04 re h W n BT 206.4 164.52 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (763) Tj ET Q q 222.48 167.88 3.72 5.28 re h W n BT 222.48 169.44 TD /F2 6.3072 Tf -0.0268 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj ET Q q 226.2 162.12 5.4 11.04 re h W n BT 226.2 164.52 TD /F2 9.6944 Tf ( ) Tj ET Q BT 260.16 164.28 TD /F5 9.6944 Tf -0.0701 Tc 0 Tw (422) Tj ET q 276.24 167.76 4.2 5.4 re h W n BT 276.24 169.2 TD /F5 6.3072 Tf -0.0137 Tc (d) Tj ET Q BT 280.2 164.28 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 36 -0.12 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (811) Tj 16.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 35.28 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (47) Tj 10.8 0 TD (2) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (59) Tj 10.8 0 TD (1) Tj 5.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 34.92 0 TD -0.0701 Tc 0 Tw (589) Tj 16.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 87.36 161.52 52.08 0.48 re f 138.72 161.52 0.48 0.48 re f 139.2 161.52 51.48 0.48 re f 189.96 161.52 0.48 0.48 re f 190.44 161.52 51.48 0.48 re f 241.2 161.52 0.48 0.48 re f 241.68 161.52 56.76 0.48 re f 297.72 161.52 0.48 0.48 re f 298.2 161.52 52.08 0.48 re f 349.56 161.52 0.48 0.48 re f 350.04 161.52 51.36 0.48 re f 400.8 161.52 0.48 0.48 re f 401.28 161.52 51.48 0.48 re f 452.04 161.52 0.48 0.48 re f 452.52 161.52 51.24 0.48 re f BT 88.08 150.72 TD /F1 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.08 TD -0.0165 Tc 0.0965 Tw (Table 3b.) Tj 46.8 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0063 Tc 0.1463 Tw (Breast cancer ) Tj 66.48 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0324 Tc 0.0476 Tw (training data) Tj 61.56 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0 Tc 0.1106 Tw (; evaluations taken for 94% accuracy averaged over ) Tj -177.96 -13.44 TD -0.0039 Tc 0.4919 Tw (15 runs \(pop. size = 500\).) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 125.64 0 TD -0.0559 Tc 0 Tw (Four) Tj 21.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.0368 Tc 0 Tw (settings) Tj 35.64 0 TD 0.0069 Tc 0.4331 Tw (, highlighted in bold,) Tj 99.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0222 Tc 0.4178 Tw (were sig) Tj 39.6 0 TD -0.0009 Tc -0.1591 Tw (nificantly ) Tj 48.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0.0701 Tw (different: ) Tj ET endstream endobj 86 0 obj 27328 endobj 84 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 64 0 R /Resources << /Font 87 0 R /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 85 0 R >> endobj 87 0 obj << /F0 6 0 R /F1 19 0 R /F2 22 0 R /F3 36 0 R /F4 58 0 R /F5 79 0 R /F6 81 0 R >> endobj 90 0 obj << /Length 91 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 496.92 757.92 11.64 13.2 re h W n BT 496.92 760.68 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.08 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj ET Q BT 88.08 725.04 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0225 Tc 2.2625 Tw (three were ) Tj 2.2965 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 60.72 0 TD -0.0151 Tc (lower) Tj 26.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.84 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (p) Tj 5.88 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (a) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD 0.0016 Tc 2.2384 Tw (< 0.0251,) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 51.96 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.76 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (b) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0.0246 Tc 2.2154 Tw (< 0.0072) Tj 43.92 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 8.04 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (p) Tj 5.64 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0054 Tc (c) Tj 3.48 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD -0.0171 Tc 2.2571 Tw (< 0.0301\) and one was) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 120 0 TD -0.0235 Tc 0 Tw (faster) Tj 25.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.84 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (p) Tj 5.88 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (d) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD -0.1075 Tc -0.0525 Tw (< ) Tj -414 -13.44 TD 0.0158 Tc 0 Tw (0.0236\)) Tj 36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.0168 Tw (than mutation alone) Tj 92.76 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.0147 Tw (The most efficient result is highlighted in italics.) Tj 227.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -364.68 -13.32 TD ( ) Tj 17.28 -12.12 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0354 Tc 0 Tw (GA:) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 24.48 0 TD 0.0487 Tc 0.0477 Tw (Uni. ) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 14.16 0 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0723 Tw (Uni. ) Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 14.88 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0532 Tc -0.0768 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15.12 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.1132 Tc -0.0168 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15.36 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.8 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0532 Tc 0.0432 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.32 0 TD 0.0767 Tc 0 Tw (10%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 15.36 0 TD -0.0472 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0532 Tc -0.0768 Tw (P. ) Tj 10.44 0 TD 0.0367 Tc 0 Tw (60%) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 22.68 0 TD 0.0605 Tc 0 Tw (None) Tj 21.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 694.8 51.36 0.48 re f 139.44 694.8 0.48 0.48 re f 139.92 694.8 51.12 0.48 re f 191.04 694.8 0.36 0.48 re f 191.4 694.8 51.12 0.48 re f 242.52 694.8 0.48 0.48 re f 243 694.8 51 0.48 re f 294 694.8 0.48 0.48 re f 294.48 694.8 50.88 0.48 re f 345.36 694.8 0.48 0.48 re f 345.84 694.8 51 0.48 re f 396.84 694.8 0.48 0.48 re f 397.32 694.8 51 0.48 re f 448.32 694.8 0.48 0.48 re f 448.8 694.8 51 0.48 re f BT 93.36 671.88 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (1.0%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 21.6 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (3091) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.76 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (4443) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (6027) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.76 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (3532) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (5631) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.76 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (4583) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (3289) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 88.08 680.64 51.36 1.32 re f 139.44 680.64 1.44 1.32 re f 140.88 680.64 50.16 1.32 re f 191.04 680.64 1.32 1.32 re f 192.36 680.64 50.16 1.32 re f 242.52 680.64 1.32 1.32 re f 243.84 680.64 50.16 1.32 re f 294 680.64 1.44 1.32 re f 295.44 680.64 49.92 1.32 re f 345.36 680.64 1.44 1.32 re f 346.8 680.64 50.04 1.32 re f 396.84 680.64 1.44 1.32 re f 398.28 680.64 50.04 1.32 re f 448.32 680.64 1.32 1.32 re f 449.64 680.64 50.16 1.32 re f BT 93.36 660.72 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (S) Tj 5.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (-) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0099 Tc -0.0335 Tw (S ) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0.0516 Tc 0 Tw (2.5%) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.055 Tc (:) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 21.6 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (2393) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.76 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (3028) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (2775) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.76 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (3546) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (4087) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.76 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (2686) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (3182) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj -391.44 -10.8 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.002 Tc 0 Tw (Micro:) Tj 26.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 34.56 -0.36 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (4352) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.76 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (4267) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD /F6 9.6944 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (2164) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.76 0 TD /F4 9.6944 Tf -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (3279) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 30 0 TD -0.0201 Tc 0 Tw (4897) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.76 0 TD -0.0501 Tc 0 Tw (3238) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj 29.88 0 TD 0.0099 Tc 0 Tw (3497) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.055 Tw ( ) Tj ET 87.36 646.44 52.08 0.48 re f 138.72 646.44 0.48 0.48 re f 139.2 646.44 51.84 0.48 re f 190.32 646.44 0.48 0.48 re f 190.8 646.44 51.72 0.48 re f 241.8 646.44 0.48 0.48 re f 242.28 646.44 51.72 0.48 re f 293.28 646.44 0.48 0.48 re f 293.76 646.44 51.6 0.48 re f 344.64 646.44 0.48 0.48 re f 345.12 646.44 51.72 0.48 re f 396.24 646.44 0.48 0.48 re f 396.72 646.44 51.6 0.48 re f 447.6 646.44 0.48 0.48 re f 448.08 646.44 51.72 0.48 re f BT 88.08 635.76 TD /F1 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.2 TD -0.0168 Tc 1.2968 Tw (Table 4.) Tj 41.52 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0085 Tc 0.0885 Tw (Diabetes ) Tj 45 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0124 Tc 1.2676 Tw (training data) Tj 62.76 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.0066 Tc 1.2884 Tw (; evaluations taken for 78% accuracy averaged over 15) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -153.6 -13.44 TD -0.0179 Tc 0.0739 Tw (runs \(pop. size = 50\). ) Tj 102.36 0 TD -0.0146 Tc 0.0946 Tw (The settings wer) Tj 77.28 0 TD 0.0027 Tc -0.016 Tw (e not significantly different from each other for any ) Tj -179.64 -13.44 TD -0.0052 Tc 0.0052 Tw (of the GA variations.) Tj 98.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD -0.0032 Tc 0.0147 Tw (The most efficient result is highlighted in italics.) Tj 227.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -328.56 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0014 Tc 0.6214 Tw (For the breast cancer data evaluations shown in Table) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 259.44 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 5.76 0 TD -0.0259 Tc -0.0141 Tw (a ) Tj 8.64 0 TD 0.0098 Tc 0.5802 Tw (there were 3 crossover settings) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -273.84 -13.44 TD -0.0014 Tc 0.9214 Tw (that were significantly different fro) Tj 168 0 TD -0.008 Tc 0.968 Tw (m mutation alone. ) Tj 0.9035 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 97.44 0 TD 0.0515 Tc 0.8685 Tw (he steady) Tj 44.76 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0 Tc 1.1593 Tw (state GA) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 46.2 0 TD -0.0068 Tc -0.0332 Tw (settings ) Tj 39.48 0 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.0818 Tw (with ) Tj -399.72 -13.44 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 8.4 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0326 Tc 0.1674 Tw (= 1.0%) Tj 34.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.062 Tc 0 Tw (and) Tj 16.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.019 Tc 0.301 Tw (using uniform \() Tj 73.08 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0088 Tc 0.1488 Tw (= 60%; ) Tj 37.56 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.88 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (a) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.2586 Tw (< 0.0275\), one) Tj 68.64 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0494 Tc 0.2706 Tw (point \() Tj 31.08 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0152 Tc 0.0648 Tw (= 60%; ) Tj 37.56 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.88 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (b) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0196 Tw (< 0.0234\) ) Tj -374.76 -13.44 TD -0.011 Tc 0.811 Tw (and two) Tj 38.04 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0212 Tc 0.7788 Tw (point ) Tj 0.7906 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 31.68 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc (c) Tj 5.16 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0.0392 Tc 0.7608 Tw (= 60%;) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 38.88 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.88 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0054 Tc (c) Tj 3.48 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0.0304 Tc 0.7696 Tw (< 0.0166\)) Tj 46.44 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (r) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0061 Tc (ossover) Tj 35.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0 Tc 0.8246 Tw (were all significantly more efficient in) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj -237 -13.44 TD -0.0046 Tc 1.0746 Tw (their search. Note that all) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 125.88 0 TD 0.0029 Tc 1.0571 Tw (three settings had a high crossover probability) Tj 221.52 0 TD -0.0121 Tc 1.1121 Tw (. This indicates) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -347.4 -13.44 TD -0.0027 Tc 1.2826 Tw (that at least in the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 91.8 0 TD -0.0138 Tc 1.3538 Tw (case of a) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 47.64 0 TD 0.1063 Tc 0 Tw (steady) Tj 29.88 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0009 Tc 1.3091 Tw (state GA with low mutation the effect of crossover) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -173.16 -13.44 TD 0.0029 Tc 0.0771 Tw (might be to ) Tj 56.4 0 TD 0.0118 Tc 0 Tw (help) Tj 20.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.006 Tc 0.206 Tw (evolutionary search.) Tj 94.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0056 Tc 0.1456 Tw (The corresponding runs with a higher probability of ) Tj -177.36 -13.32 TD -0.0018 Tc 1.5218 Tw (mutation ) Tj 1.5106 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 49.92 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.033 Tc (m) Tj 8.4 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.0014 Tc 1.5557 Tw (= 2.5%\) were not significantly more efficient tha) Tj 239.28 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0.0051 Tc 1.5749 Tw (using mutation alone,) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -316.32 -13.44 TD -0.0089 Tc 0.2249 Tw (which gives some evidence that the improvements found in the low mutation cases is due ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0023 Tc 1.7823 Tw (to an additional randomization provided by crossover.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 267.96 0 TD -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (N) Tj 8.4 0 TD 0.0249 Tc 1.6951 Tw (o support for the) Tj 82.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.68 0 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.1936 Tw (permutation ) Tj -363.96 -13.44 TD -0.0332 Tc 0.1132 Tw (problem was) Tj 59.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0282 Tc 0 Tw (found.) Tj 30.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -93.12 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 1.1601 Tw (Considering large populations,) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 150.12 0 TD -0.0146 Tc 1.2196 Tw (the number of evaluations required for the breast cancer) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -150.12 -13.44 TD 0.0044 Tc 0.8392 Tw (experiments with a population size of 500 is given in Table 3b.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 307.8 0 TD -0.0565 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 7.08 0 TD 0.0259 Tc 0.8341 Tw (here were two) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj 71.88 0 TD 0.0463 Tc 0 Tw (steady) Tj 29.76 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj -416.52 -13.44 TD -0.0165 Tc 2.8565 Tw (state GA) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 49.68 0 TD 0.0049 Tc 2.7151 Tw (settings with) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 67.92 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 8.4 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.76 0 TD -0.0043 Tc 2.7843 Tw (= 1.0% that fared significantly worse compared) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 244.56 0 TD 0.0061 Tc 2.8339 Tw (to using) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -380.28 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 0.6801 Tw (mutation alone, namely \(uni.;) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 143.52 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD 0.0152 Tc 0.6648 Tw (= 60%;) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 38.64 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.76 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0054 Tc (c) Tj 3.36 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.6857 Tw (< 0.0251\) and) Tj 66.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0647 Tc 0 Tw (\(1) Tj 9.6 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0023 Tc -0.0377 Tw (p.; ) Tj 15.6 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.0088 Tc 0.6888 Tw (= 60%;) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 38.4 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.88 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (d) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.0041 Tc 0.6841 Tw (< 0.0072\).) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -371.4 -13.44 TD -0.0084 Tc 1.2284 Tw (The microbial GA) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 92.04 0 TD 0.0059 Tc 0.0741 Tw (also ) Tj 23.04 0 TD 0.0039 Tc 1.2041 Tw (had two settings which were signific) Tj 176.76 0 TD 0.0067 Tc 1.1533 Tw (antly different from) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 98.64 0 TD 0.0263 Tc -0.0663 Tw (purely ) Tj -390.48 -13.44 TD 0.0024 Tc 0.3176 Tw (mutation based ) Tj 74.88 0 TD -0.0097 Tc 0 Tw (evolution) Tj 44.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0.4741 Tw (. One crossover setting caused a reduction \(uni.;) Tj 228.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0152 Tc 0.1848 Tw (= 60%; ) Tj 38.04 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.88 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0054 Tc (e) Tj 3.48 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.1075 Tc -0.0525 Tw (< ) Tj -414 -13.44 TD 0.0158 Tc 0 Tw (0.0301\)) Tj 36 0 TD -0.04 Tc (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0159 Tc 0.2081 Tw (and the other an improvement \(1) Tj 154.32 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0377 Tc 0.0423 Tw (p.; ) Tj 15.24 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0152 Tc 0.0648 Tw (= 10%; ) Tj 37.56 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.88 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf -0.0155 Tc (f) Tj 2.28 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0011 Tc 0.2469 Tw (< 0.0236\) in search efficiency. ) Tj -276.48 -13.44 TD -0.0057 Tc 1.8857 Tw (All the crossover settings which were significantly less efficient had a high crossover) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.013 Tc 1.773 Tw (probability ) Tj 1.7506 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 59.76 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc (c) Tj 5.16 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.68 0 TD 0.0029 Tc 1.7914 Tw (= 60%\). However, the different settings do eve) Tj 231.48 0 TD 0.0036 Tc 1.7964 Tw (ntually converge on the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -305.04 -13.44 TD 0.009 Tc 0.791 Tw (same solutions as there is no significant difference between the classification accuracies) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.32 TD -0 Tc 3.7402 Tw (in Table 1b.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 70.2 0 TD 0.0087 Tc 3.6713 Tw (Nevertheless, ) Tj 3.6941 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 75.12 0 TD -0 Tc 3.7661 Tw (ll settings produced runs that were significantly more) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -145.32 -13.44 TD 0.0039 Tc 0.5711 Tw (efficient on average compared to their small population co) Tj 278.04 0 TD 0.003 Tc 0.557 Tw (unterparts. This) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 77.4 0 TD 0.0047 Tc -0.0447 Tw (is ) Tj 11.28 0 TD -0.004 Tc 0.624 Tw (likely to be) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -366.72 -13.44 TD -0.0077 Tc 0.0277 Tw (the case ) Tj 40.32 0 TD 0.0333 Tc 0 Tw (because) Tj 36.96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.1434 Tw (the breast cancer classification problem was r) Tj 213.36 0 TD -0.0013 Tc 0.1533 Tw (elatively easy to solve, and ) Tj -293.76 -13.44 TD 0.0224 Tc 0 Tw (thus) Tj 19.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD -0.022 Tc 0.042 Tw (not much fine) Tj 64.68 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0047 Tc 0.0086 Tw (tuning was required to hit on a viable solution. ) Tj 220.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -311.76 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0031 Tc 1.5231 Tw (For the diabetes evaluations shown in Table) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 219.12 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.04 Tc (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0.0316 Tc 1.4884 Tw (the steady) Tj 48.48 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0055 Tc (sta) Tj 12.96 0 TD -0.0025 Tc 1.5225 Tw (te GA settings with) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 99.48 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 8.4 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 4.08 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.1075 Tc -0.0525 Tw (= ) Tj -414 -13.44 TD -0.0224 Tc -0.1376 Tw (1.0% ) Tj 28.56 0 TD -0.0027 Tc 0 Tw (produced) Tj 43.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 1.4016 Tw (2.3 runs on average) Tj 95.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0074 Tc 1.3926 Tw (which did not make the final target and) Tj 193.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0336 Tc -0.1264 Tw (were ) Tj 26.88 0 TD 0.0224 Tc -0.0624 Tw (thus ) Tj -400.92 -13.44 TD -0.0069 Tc -0.0031 Tw (removed when calculating the ) Tj 143.28 0 TD -0.0017 Tc -0.1583 Tw (efficiency ) Tj 49.56 0 TD 0.0039 Tc 0 Tw (statistics.) Tj 43.32 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0021 Tc -0.0421 Tw (None of the ) Tj 58.08 0 TD -0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (GAs) Tj 21.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0219 Tc 0.1019 Tw (had any settings ) Tj 78.24 0 TD -0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (with) Tj 20.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0131 Tc -0.0269 Tw (crossover ) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0041 Tc 1.4441 Tw (which took a significantly different number of) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 228.84 0 TD -0.0148 Tc 0 Tw (evaluations) Tj 53.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 0 TD 0.0025 Tc 1.3975 Tw (ompared to their) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -340.44 -13.44 TD -0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (mutation) Tj 41.52 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0091 Tc -0.0491 Tw (only variations) Tj 69.84 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -118.08 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0031 Tc 0.6031 Tw (In general, no substantial) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 122.64 0 TD -0.0045 Tc 0.5945 Tw (support for effects attributable to the permutation problem was) Tj 297.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (found) Tj 27.24 0 TD -0.04 Tc (,) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.018 Tc 0.062 Tw (and ) Tj 20.04 0 TD 0.0019 Tc -0.0419 Tw (using ) Tj 28.44 0 TD 0.0335 Tc 0 Tw (standard) Tj 39.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.0131 Tc 0.0931 Tw (crossover ) Tj 47.88 0 TD -0.0024 Tc -0.0376 Tw (operators ) Tj 46.68 0 TD -0 Tc 0.2154 Tw (mostly had little effect on the efficiency of ) Tj ET endstream endobj 91 0 obj 20607 endobj 88 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 89 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 19 0 R /F3 36 0 R /F4 58 0 R /F6 81 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 90 0 R >> endobj 93 0 obj << /Length 94 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 496.92 757.92 11.64 13.2 re h W n BT 496.92 760.68 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.08 Tc 0 Tw (14) Tj ET Q BT 88.08 725.04 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.0163 Tc 1.9837 Tw (the evolutionary) Tj 78.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.92 0 TD 0.0034 Tc 1.9566 Tw (search. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 219.24 0 TD 0.0084 Tc 1.9916 Tw (Table 3a) Tj 42.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0.0459 Tc 0 Tw (show) Tj 24.72 0 TD 0.0165 Tc (s) Tj 4.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.8 0 TD 0.001 Tc 1.999 Tw (that the) Tj 36.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0071 Tc 3.0271 Tw (addition of crossover) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 110.52 0 TD 0.0282 Tc 0.0518 Tw (with ) Tj 26.88 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.04 -1.44 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 4.08 1.44 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.76 0 TD 0.0508 Tc 2.9092 Tw (= 60%) Tj 33.96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0134 Tc 3.0419 Tw (to a GA with a low mutation rate) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 180.96 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1239 Tw (can ) Tj 22.2 0 TD -0.1165 Tc 0 Tw (ma) Tj 14.28 0 TD -0.173 Tc (ke) Tj 10.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.32 TD -0.0025 Tc 0.2985 Tw (evolutionary search significantly more efficient. ) Tj 229.68 0 TD 0.0251 Tc 0.2949 Tw (However, t) Tj 52.2 0 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.3408 Tw (hat advantage in efficiency is ) Tj -281.88 -13.44 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.5536 Tw (lost when the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 66.96 0 TD -0.0047 Tc 0 Tw (sa) Tj 9.84 0 TD -0.1165 Tc 0.0765 Tw (me ) Tj 17.52 0 TD 0 Tc 0.5898 Tw (settings are used in combination with a large ) Tj 0.52 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 222.12 0 TD 0.0089 Tc 0.4311 Tw (opulation as shown in ) Tj -316.44 -13.44 TD -0.0059 Tc 0.0859 Tw (Table 3) Tj 35.4 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.04 Tc (. ) Tj 6 0 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.0855 Tw (In t) Tj 15.96 0 TD -0.0288 Tc 0 Tw (hese) Tj 20.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.0787 Tw (large population experiments) Tj 136.44 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.0874 Tw (the crossover operator ) Tj 106.92 0 TD -0.0077 Tc -0.1523 Tw (is apparently ) Tj 63.24 0 TD -0 Tc 0.0806 Tw (more ) Tj -396.48 -13.44 TD 0.02 Tc 0 Tw (disruptive) Tj 46.68 0 TD -0.007 Tc (;) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD -0.053 Tc 0 Tw (an) Tj 10.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.0111 Tc 0 Tw (increas) Tj 33.12 0 TD -0.053 Tc (ed) Tj 11.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0.0085 Tc 0.1315 Tw (number of ) Tj 51.72 0 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.3233 Tw (fitness evaluations) Tj 87 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0062 Tc 0.0738 Tw (are ) Tj 17.4 0 TD 0.0823 Tc 0 Tw (re) Tj 9 0 TD 0.0102 Tc 0.2498 Tw (quired for convergence on fit) Tj 137.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD 0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (sol) Tj 13.68 0 TD -0.0196 Tc (utions) Tj 28.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.0356 Tw (compared to the runs which used mutation alone) Tj 226.56 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -260.4 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj -17.4 -13.44 TD -0.0267 Tc 0 Tw (4.3) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F4 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0.0781 Tw (Population convergence) Tj 112.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -130.08 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.009 Tc 1.4367 Tw (In the experiments conducted for this work the genetic diversity of the population was) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0 Tc 0.731 Tw (recorded after every generation. By plotting these records it is possible to show how th) Tj 415.2 0 TD 0.0941 Tc -0.0141 Tw (e ) Tj -415.2 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 1.208 Tw (population converges over generations. For these experiments the genetic diversity was) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0025 Tc 1.8739 Tw (taken to be equal to the mean of the Euclidean distances between all the individuals\222) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0032 Tc 2.385 Tw (genetic encoding \(considered as a real vector\). The measure used for calculating) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 406.08 0 TD 0.0423 Tc 0.0377 Tw (the ) Tj -406.08 -13.44 TD -0.0089 Tc -0.1511 Tw (diversity ) Tj 44.64 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (d) Tj 5.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.9795 Tw (of a population \(Pop\) is shown in Eq. 1, where) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 229.44 0 TD /F1 11.68 Tf -0.0141 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 6.48 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0165 Tc 0.9365 Tw (is a 3 element, real) Tj 91.32 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0102 Tc 0.1898 Tw (valued ) Tj -389.28 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (vector representing individual ) Tj 143.04 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.007 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 3.36 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0156 Tc 0.0956 Tw (\222s genotype. ) Tj 60 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 234.48 485.4 m 257.76 485.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 331.08 493.68 m 331.08 477.24 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 329.64 493.68 m 329.64 477.24 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 297.36 494.52 m 297.36 476.28 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 295.8 494.52 m 295.8 476.28 l S Q BT 261.72 479.88 TD /F7 17.3684 Tf -0.0237 Tc 0 Tw (\345) Tj 18 0 TD (\345) Tj -18.84 -7.8 TD /F7 6.9474 Tf -0.0335 Tc (\316) Tj 18.72 0 TD (\316) Tj 30.24 10.32 TD /F7 12.1579 Tf 0.0453 Tc (-) Tj -84.36 0 TD (=) Tj 39.6 -10.32 TD /F0 6.9474 Tf -0.0034 Tc (Pop) Tj 18.72 0 TD (Pop) Tj -30.48 6.36 TD /F0 6.0789 Tf -0.0395 Tc (2) Tj -18.12 -5.4 TD /F0 12.1579 Tf 0.0141 Tc (Pop) Tj 8.04 16.92 TD 0.0411 Tc (1) Tj 16.2 -17.88 TD /F3 6.9474 Tf -0.0114 Tc (i) Tj 18.6 0 TD (j) Tj 47.88 7.2 TD /F3 6.0789 Tf -0.0099 Tc (j) Tj -21.12 0 TD (i) Tj -88.8 3.12 TD /F3 12.1579 Tf 0.0411 Tc (d) Tj 102 0 TD /F1 12.1579 Tf -0.0398 Tc (p) Tj -19.92 0 TD (p) Tj 34.8 1.68 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 21.84 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD 0.0204 Tc 0 Tw (\(1\)) Tj 13.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -31.8 TD -0.0082 Tc 0.0882 Tw (To ) Tj 17.04 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0 Tw (illustrate) Tj 40.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD -0.0015 Tc 1.1975 Tw (how quickly a population generally converged in these experiments it wi) Tj 351.96 0 TD -0.007 Tc -0.033 Tw (ll ) Tj -414 -13.44 TD -0.0077 Tc 0.0277 Tw (suffice to present a few examples here as shown in Fig. 3 and 4. ) Tj 301.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 1 1 1 rg ET 92.28 335.88 210.72 97.2 re f* 108 423.48 m 293.28 423.48 l 293.28 355.2 l 108 355.2 l 108 423.48 l h f* q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 J 1 j 1 1 1 RG 108 423.48 m 293.28 423.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 J 1 j 1 1 1 RG 293.28 423.48 m 293.28 355.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 J 1 j 1 1 1 RG 293.28 355.2 m 108 355.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 J 1 j 1 1 1 RG 108 355.2 m 108 423.48 l S Q 0.12 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 108 423.48 m 108 355.2 l S 106.08 355.2 m 108 355.2 l S 106.08 372.12 m 108 372.12 l S 106.08 389.16 m 108 389.16 l S 106.08 406.56 m 108 406.56 l S 106.08 423.48 m 108 423.48 l S 108 355.2 m 293.28 355.2 l S 108 353.28 m 108 355.2 l S 154.32 353.28 m 154.32 355.2 l S 200.64 353.28 m 200.64 355.2 l S 246.96 353.28 m 246.96 355.2 l S 293.28 353.28 m 293.28 355.2 l S 0 0 0 rg 108 402.6 m 109.92 402.24 l 109.92 401.52 l 108 401.88 l h f* 110.4 402.24 m 112.32 401.16 l 111.96 400.32 l 109.92 401.52 l h f* 111.96 400.32 1.44 0.84 re f* 116.88 399.96 m 117.72 399.6 l 117.36 398.76 l 116.52 399.24 l h f* 117.36 398.76 1.92 0.84 re f* 119.64 399.6 m 121.56 397.68 l 121.2 397.2 l 119.28 399.24 l h f* 124.2 396.12 0.48 0.72 re f* 125.04 396.48 m 126.24 391.44 l 125.4 391.44 l 124.2 396.48 l h f* 126.96 388.44 m 126.96 387.6 l 126.24 387.6 l 126.24 388.44 l h f* 126.96 387.6 m 127.68 383.04 l 126.96 383.04 l 126.24 387.6 l h f* 128.52 379.92 m 128.88 378 l 128.16 378 l 127.68 379.92 l h f* 128.88 378 m 129.72 374.52 l 128.88 374.52 l 128.16 378 l h f* 130.08 371.4 m 130.8 367.2 l 130.08 367.2 l 129.24 371.4 l h f* 130.08 367.56 m 130.8 368.76 l 131.64 368.28 l 130.8 367.2 l h f* 133.08 369.84 0.84 0.84 re f* 133.56 370.68 m 135.48 371.76 l 135.84 371.04 l 133.92 369.84 l h f* 136.2 371.76 m 138.12 369.84 l 137.76 369.48 l 135.84 371.4 l h f* 139.32 367.2 m 140.04 365.64 l 139.32 365.28 l 138.48 366.72 l h f* 140.04 365.64 m 141.6 362.88 l 140.88 362.52 l 139.32 365.28 l h f* 141.6 362.88 m 142.44 362.52 l 141.96 361.8 l 141.24 362.16 l h f* 145.44 361.32 m 147.36 360.24 l 147 359.4 l 145.08 360.6 l h f* 147 359.4 1.92 0.84 re f* 148.56 360.24 m 149.76 360.96 l 150.12 360.24 l 148.92 359.4 l h f* 152.76 362.52 m 153.96 362.88 l 154.32 362.16 l 153.24 361.8 l h f* 154.32 362.88 m 156.24 362.52 l 156.24 361.8 l 154.32 362.16 l h f* 156.24 362.52 m 158.16 362.88 l 158.16 362.16 l 156.24 361.8 l h f* 157.8 362.88 m 158.16 363.36 l 158.64 362.88 l 158.16 362.52 l h f* 161.64 364.44 m 163.68 364.8 l 163.68 364.08 l 161.64 363.72 l h f* 163.68 364.08 1.92 0.72 re f* 165.12 364.8 m 166.68 365.64 l 167.04 364.8 l 165.6 364.08 l h f* 169.8 366.72 m 170.52 367.2 l 171 366.36 l 170.16 366 l h f* 170.52 367.2 m 172.44 367.92 l 172.92 367.2 l 171 366.36 l h f* 172.92 367.2 1.92 0.72 re f* 174.48 367.92 m 175.2 368.28 l 175.56 367.56 l 174.84 367.2 l h f* 178.68 368.28 m 180.24 368.76 l 180.24 367.92 l 178.68 367.56 l h f* 180.24 368.76 m 182.16 369.12 l 182.16 368.28 l 180.24 367.92 l h f* 182.16 368.28 1.92 0.84 re f* 187.2 367.56 0.36 0.72 re f* 187.92 368.28 m 189.84 367.56 l 189.48 366.72 l 187.56 367.56 l h f* 189.12 367.56 m 191.04 368.28 l 191.4 367.56 l 189.48 366.72 l h f* 191.4 367.56 1.2 0.72 re f* 195.24 369.12 m 196.44 369.84 l 196.8 369.12 l 195.6 368.28 l h f* 196.8 369.12 1.92 0.72 re f* 198.72 369.12 1.92 0.72 re f* 204.12 369.84 m 204.96 369.48 l 204.48 368.76 l 203.76 369.12 l h f* 204.48 369.48 m 206.04 369.12 l 206.04 368.28 l 204.48 368.76 l h f* 206.04 369.12 m 207.96 368.76 l 207.96 367.92 l 206.04 368.28 l h f* 207.6 368.76 m 208.8 369.12 l 209.16 368.28 l 207.96 367.92 l h f* 212.64 369.84 m 214.2 369.12 l 213.84 368.28 l 212.28 369.12 l h f* 214.2 369.12 m 215.76 367.92 l 215.28 367.2 l 213.84 368.28 l h f* 215.28 367.2 2.04 0.72 re f* 220.32 366.36 0.84 0.84 re f* 220.68 367.2 m 222.72 367.92 l 223.08 367.2 l 221.16 366.36 l h f* 223.08 367.92 m 224.64 367.56 l 224.64 366.72 l 223.08 367.2 l h f* 224.16 367.56 m 225.36 367.92 l 225.72 367.2 l 224.64 366.72 l h f* 228.84 367.92 m 230.4 367.56 l 230.4 366.72 l 228.84 367.2 l h f* 230.4 366.72 1.92 0.84 re f* 232.32 367.56 m 233.88 367.2 l 233.88 366.36 l 232.32 366.72 l h f* 233.88 366.36 0.36 0.84 re f* 237.36 366 0.36 0.72 re f* 237.72 366.72 m 239.64 366.36 l 239.64 365.64 l 237.72 366 l h f* 240 366.36 m 241.92 365.28 l 241.56 364.44 l 239.64 365.64 l h f* 241.92 365.28 m 243.12 364.44 l 242.76 363.72 l 241.56 364.44 l h f* 245.4 366 m 246.6 366.72 l 246.96 366 l 245.88 365.28 l h f* 246.6 366.72 m 248.52 367.56 l 248.88 366.72 l 246.96 366 l h f* 248.88 367.56 m 250.8 367.92 l 250.8 367.2 l 248.88 366.72 l h f* 251.28 367.92 m 251.64 367.56 l 251.28 367.2 l 250.8 367.56 l h f* 254.28 366.72 m 256.2 367.2 l 256.2 366.36 l 254.28 366 l h f* 256.2 367.2 m 258.12 366.72 l 258.12 366 l 256.2 366.36 l h f* 258.12 366 1.56 0.72 re f* 262.44 364.8 1.08 0.84 re f* 263.52 365.64 m 265.56 366 l 265.56 365.28 l 263.52 364.8 l h f* 265.56 365.28 1.92 0.72 re f* 267.48 365.28 0.36 0.72 re f* 270.96 366 m 272.88 366.36 l 272.88 365.64 l 270.96 365.28 l h f* 272.88 365.64 1.92 0.72 re f* 274.8 366.36 m 276.36 366 l 276.36 365.28 l 274.8 365.64 l h f* 279.36 364.8 0.84 0.84 re f* 280.2 365.64 m 282.12 365.28 l 282.12 364.44 l 280.2 364.8 l h f* 281.76 365.28 m 283.68 366 l 284.04 365.28 l 282.12 364.44 l h f* 283.68 366 m 284.4 366.36 l 284.76 365.64 l 284.04 365.28 l h f* 287.88 367.2 m 289.44 367.56 l 289.44 366.72 l 287.88 366.36 l h f* 289.44 366.72 1.92 0.84 re f* 108.48 403.8 m 109.92 403.08 l 109.56 402.24 l 108 403.08 l h f* 113.04 401.52 m 113.88 400.68 l 113.4 400.32 l 112.68 401.16 l h f* 113.88 400.32 m 113.88 399.96 l 113.04 399.96 l 113.04 400.32 l h f* 114.6 396.84 m 114.6 395.28 l 113.88 395.28 l 113.88 396.84 l h f* 115.44 392.28 m 115.44 390.72 l 114.6 390.72 l 114.6 392.28 l h f* 115.8 387.6 m 116.16 386.04 l 115.44 386.04 l 114.96 387.6 l h f* 116.16 383.04 m 116.16 381.48 l 115.44 381.48 l 115.44 383.04 l h f* 116.52 378.36 m 116.52 376.8 l 115.8 376.8 l 115.8 378.36 l h f* 116.88 373.68 m 116.88 372.12 l 116.16 372.12 l 116.16 373.68 l h f* 117.36 369.12 m 117.36 367.56 l 116.52 367.56 l 116.52 369.12 l h f* 117.72 364.44 m 117.72 362.88 l 116.88 362.88 l 116.88 364.44 l h f* 119.28 360.24 1.56 0.72 re f* 123.12 362.52 m 124.2 362.88 l 124.68 362.16 l 123.48 361.8 l h f* 124.68 362.16 0.36 0.72 re f* 127.68 363.72 m 128.16 364.08 l 128.52 363.72 l 128.16 363.36 l h f* 128.52 363.36 1.2 0.72 re f* 132 362.16 m 133.56 362.52 l 133.56 361.8 l 132 361.32 l h f* 136.56 362.52 1.2 0.84 re f* 137.76 362.52 0.36 0.84 re f* 141.24 364.08 m 142.8 364.44 l 142.8 363.72 l 141.24 363.36 l h f* 145.92 363.36 1.08 0.72 re f* 147.36 364.08 m 147.84 363.72 l 147.36 363.36 l 147 363.72 l h f* 150.48 362.16 m 150.84 361.8 l 150.48 361.32 l 150.12 361.8 l h f* 150.12 361.8 m 151.32 362.16 l 151.68 361.32 l 150.48 360.96 l h f* 154.8 362.52 m 156.24 362.88 l 156.24 362.16 l 154.8 361.8 l h f* 159.36 362.16 0.36 0.72 re f* 159.36 362.88 m 160.56 363.36 l 160.92 362.52 l 159.72 362.16 l h f* 164.04 363.72 m 165.6 364.08 l 165.6 363.36 l 164.04 362.88 l h f* 168.6 363.36 0.48 0.72 re f* 168.6 364.08 m 169.8 364.44 l 170.16 363.72 l 169.08 363.36 l h f* 173.28 364.44 m 174.84 364.08 l 174.84 363.36 l 173.28 363.72 l h f* 177.96 363.36 m 178.68 362.88 l 178.32 362.16 l 177.48 362.52 l h f* 178.68 362.88 m 179.4 362.52 l 179.04 361.8 l 178.32 362.16 l h f* 182.16 360.24 m 182.52 359.4 l 181.8 359.04 l 181.32 359.88 l h f* 182.16 358.68 0.72 0.72 re f* 186 359.4 m 187.56 359.88 l 187.56 359.04 l 186 358.68 l h f* 190.68 359.4 0.72 0.84 re f* 191.4 359.4 0.84 0.84 re f* 195.24 359.04 1.56 0.84 re f* 199.92 359.4 0.72 0.84 re f* 200.28 360.24 m 201 360.6 l 201.48 359.88 l 200.64 359.4 l h f* 204.96 362.16 m 206.04 361.32 l 205.68 360.6 l 204.48 361.32 l h f* 209.16 360.6 m 210.36 360.24 l 209.88 359.4 l 208.8 359.88 l h f* 209.88 359.4 0.48 0.84 re f* 213.36 359.88 0.48 0.72 re f* 213.84 359.88 1.08 0.72 re f* 217.68 360.6 m 218.76 360.96 l 219.24 360.24 l 218.04 359.88 l h f* 219.24 360.24 0.36 0.72 re f* 222.72 360.6 0.36 0.72 re f* 222.72 361.32 m 223.8 361.8 l 224.16 360.96 l 223.08 360.6 l h f* 227.64 361.8 m 228.84 361.32 l 228.48 360.6 l 227.28 360.96 l h f* 228.48 360.6 0.36 0.72 re f* 231.96 361.32 0.36 0.84 re f* 231.96 362.16 m 233.04 362.88 l 233.52 362.16 l 232.32 361.32 l h f* 236.16 363.72 m 237.36 364.08 l 237.72 363.36 l 236.52 362.88 l h f* 238.08 364.08 m 238.44 363.72 l 238.08 363.36 l 237.72 363.72 l h f* 241.2 362.52 0.36 0.84 re f* 241.92 363.36 m 243.12 362.88 l 242.76 362.16 l 241.56 362.52 l h f* 245.4 363.72 m 246.6 364.08 l 246.96 363.36 l 245.88 362.88 l h f* 246.96 363.36 0.36 0.72 re f* 250.44 362.88 0.36 0.84 re f* 251.28 363.72 m 252.36 363.36 l 252 362.52 l 250.8 362.88 l h f* 255.12 362.52 1.08 0.84 re f* 256.2 362.52 0.48 0.84 re f* 259.68 362.52 0.48 0.84 re f* 259.68 363.36 m 260.88 363.72 l 261.24 362.88 l 260.16 362.52 l h f* 264 363.72 m 265.08 364.08 l 265.56 363.36 l 264.36 362.88 l h f* 265.56 363.36 0.36 0.72 re f* 269.04 363.36 0.36 0.72 re f* 269.04 364.08 m 270.12 364.44 l 270.48 363.72 l 269.4 363.36 l h f* 273.24 363.72 m 274.44 364.08 l 274.8 363.36 l 273.6 362.88 l h f* 274.8 363.36 0.36 0.72 re f* 278.28 364.08 0.36 0.72 re f* 278.28 364.8 m 279.36 365.28 l 279.84 364.44 l 278.64 364.08 l h f* 282.84 364.44 1.2 0.84 re f* 284.04 364.44 0.36 0.84 re f* 287.52 364.44 0.36 0.84 re f* 288.24 365.28 m 289.44 364.8 l 289.08 364.08 l 287.88 364.44 l h f* q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 108 399.48 2.4 2.76 re h W n 0.36 w 108 401.88 m 109.92 399.96 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 109.92 399.96 m 111.12 399.24 l 111.48 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126.6 367.92 m 126.96 367.56 l 127.32 367.92 l 128.16 368.76 l 128.52 369.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 128.52 369.48 m 128.88 371.04 l 129.72 372.96 l 130.08 374.88 l 130.08 376.08 l 130.44 376.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 130.44 376.44 m 130.8 376.8 l 131.16 376.8 l 132 376.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 132 376.44 m 132.72 376.44 l 133.56 376.8 l 133.92 377.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 133.92 377.16 m 134.28 378 l 134.64 379.56 l 135.48 380.64 l 135.84 381 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 135.84 381 m 136.2 380.64 l 136.56 379.92 l 137.76 378 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 137.76 378 m 138.12 376.8 l 138.96 375.6 l 139.32 374.16 l 139.68 373.32 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 139.68 373.32 m 140.52 372.6 l 141.24 372.6 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 141.24 372.6 m 141.6 372.96 l 141.96 374.16 l 142.8 374.88 l 143.16 375.24 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 143.16 375.24 m 143.52 374.88 l 143.88 374.52 l 144.72 373.68 l 145.08 373.32 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 145.08 373.32 m 145.44 373.32 l 145.92 373.68 l 147 374.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 147 374.52 m 147.36 375.24 l 148.2 376.44 l 148.56 376.8 l 148.56 377.16 l 148.92 376.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 148.92 376.8 m 149.4 376.08 l 149.4 375.24 l 149.76 372.6 l 150.12 369.84 l 150.12 368.76 l 150.48 367.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 150.48 367.92 m 150.84 366.72 l 151.32 366 l 152.04 365.64 l 152.4 365.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 152.4 365.64 m 152.76 366.36 l 153.24 367.2 l 153.96 368.76 l 154.32 369.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 154.32 369.48 m 155.16 370.2 l 156.24 370.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 156.24 370.2 m 156.72 370.2 l 157.44 369.84 l 157.8 369.48 l 158.16 369.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 158.16 369.12 m 159 369.12 l 159.72 369.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 159.72 369.48 m 160.2 370.2 l 160.56 371.4 l 161.28 372.6 l 161.64 373.68 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 161.64 373.68 m 162.48 375.24 l 163.68 376.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 163.68 376.44 m 164.4 378 l 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0 cm 0.36 w 187.56 360.6 m 188.28 360.96 l 189.48 360.96 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 189.48 360.96 m 191.4 361.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 191.4 361.8 m 193.32 362.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 193.32 362.52 m 195.24 363.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 195.24 363.36 m 196.8 363.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 196.8 363.72 m 198.72 363.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 198.72 363.36 m 199.56 362.88 l 200.64 362.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 200.64 362.52 m 201.48 362.52 l 202.56 362.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 202.56 362.52 m 203.76 363.36 l 204.48 364.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 204.48 364.08 m 206.04 364.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 206.04 364.8 m 206.88 364.8 l 207.96 364.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 207.96 364.8 m 208.44 364.44 l 208.8 363.72 l 209.52 363.36 l 209.88 362.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 209.88 362.88 m 210.36 362.88 l 210.72 363.36 l 211.44 363.72 l 211.92 364.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 211.92 364.08 m 212.28 364.08 l 213 363.72 l 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w 263.52 362.88 m 265.56 363.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 265.56 363.36 m 266.28 363.36 l 267.48 363.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 267.48 363.36 m 268.56 363.72 l 269.4 364.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 269.4 364.08 m 270.12 363.72 l 270.96 363.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 270.96 363.36 m 271.68 363.36 l 272.88 363.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 272.88 363.72 m 273.6 364.44 l 274.44 364.8 l 274.8 364.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 274.8 364.8 m 275.52 364.44 l 276.72 364.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 276.72 364.08 m 277.8 363.36 l 278.64 362.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 278.64 362.88 m 280.2 362.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 280.2 362.52 m 282.12 362.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 282.12 362.52 m 284.04 362.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 284.04 362.52 m 285.96 362.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 285.96 362.52 m 287.16 362.52 l 287.88 362.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 287.88 362.16 m 288.72 361.32 l 289.44 360.6 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 289.44 360.6 m 291.36 358.68 l S Q BT 0.9985 0 0 1 100.32 353.28 Tm /F2 5.7871 Tf 0.0272 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 0 16.92 TD (5) Tj -3.1247 17.04 TD -0.093 Tc (10) Tj 0 17.4 TD (15) Tj 0 16.92 TD (20) Tj 9.374 -77.52 TD 0.0272 Tc (0) Tj 44.8269 0 TD -0.2132 Tc (25) Tj 46.3893 0 TD (50) Tj 46.2691 0 TD -0.093 Tc (75) Tj 44.9471 0 TD -0.133 Tc (100) Tj 1 1 1 rg ET 308.28 335.76 196.32 90.36 re f* 323.04 417.12 m 495.6 417.12 l 495.6 353.64 l 323.04 353.64 l 323.04 417.12 l h f* q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 323.04 417.12 m 495.6 417.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 495.6 417.12 m 495.6 353.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 495.6 353.64 m 323.04 353.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 323.04 353.64 m 323.04 417.12 l S Q 323.04 417.12 m 323.04 353.64 l S 321.24 353.64 m 323.04 353.64 l S 321.24 369.48 m 323.04 369.48 l S 321.24 385.2 m 323.04 385.2 l S 321.24 401.4 m 323.04 401.4 l S 321.24 417.12 m 323.04 417.12 l S 323.04 353.64 m 495.6 353.64 l S 323.04 351.84 m 323.04 353.64 l S 366.12 351.84 m 366.12 353.64 l S 409.44 351.84 m 409.44 353.64 l S 452.52 351.84 m 452.52 353.64 l S 495.6 351.84 m 495.6 353.64 l S q 323.04 396.6 1.92 1.2 re h W n 0 0 0 rg 323.04 397.8 m 324.84 397.44 l 324.84 396.72 l 323.04 397.08 l h f* Q 0 0 0 rg 325.2 397.44 m 327 396.36 l 326.64 395.64 l 324.84 396.72 l h f* 327 396.36 m 328.32 395.64 l 327.96 394.92 l 326.64 395.64 l h f* 331.2 394.2 m 331.92 393.48 l 331.56 393.12 l 330.84 393.84 l h f* 331.92 393.48 m 333.72 390.24 l 333 389.88 l 331.2 393.12 l h f* 333.72 389.88 m 333.72 389.52 l 333 389.52 l 333 389.88 l h f* 334.8 387.36 m 335.52 385.92 l 334.8 385.56 l 334.08 387 l h f* 335.52 385.92 m 336.96 384.84 l 336.6 384.12 l 335.16 385.2 l h f* 336.6 384.12 1.8 0.72 re f* 340.56 382.32 m 342.36 379.56 l 341.64 379.2 l 339.84 381.96 l h f* 341.64 379.56 m 342.36 381.24 l 343.08 380.88 l 342.36 379.2 l h f* 343.08 384.12 m 343.44 384.84 l 344.16 384.48 l 343.8 383.76 l h f* 343.8 384.84 m 345.6 385.2 l 345.6 384.48 l 343.8 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f* 421.32 362.64 1.08 0.72 re f* 425.28 362.28 1.44 0.72 re f* 426.72 362.28 1.44 0.72 re f* 428.16 363 m 429.96 363.36 l 429.96 362.64 l 428.16 362.28 l h f* 429.96 362.64 0.36 0.72 re f* 432.84 364.44 m 433.2 364.8 l 433.56 364.44 l 433.2 364.08 l h f* 433.56 364.08 1.8 0.72 re f* 435.36 364.8 m 436.8 365.16 l 436.8 364.44 l 435.36 364.08 l h f* 436.8 365.16 m 438.24 364.8 l 438.24 364.08 l 436.8 364.44 l h f* 441.48 364.8 m 442.56 364.44 l 442.2 363.72 l 441.12 364.08 l h f* 442.56 364.44 m 444.36 363.36 l 444 362.64 l 442.2 363.72 l h f* 444.36 363.36 m 445.8 361.92 l 445.44 361.56 l 444 363 l h f* 448.32 360.48 0.72 0.72 re f* 449.04 360.48 1.68 0.72 re f* 450.72 361.2 m 452.52 360.84 l 452.52 360.12 l 450.72 360.48 l h f* 452.52 360.12 0.72 0.72 re f* 455.76 360.48 m 457.2 361.2 l 457.56 360.48 l 456.12 359.76 l h f* 457.56 360.48 1.8 0.72 re f* 459.36 360.48 1.8 0.72 re f* 463.32 363 m 464.04 363.36 l 464.4 362.64 l 463.68 362.28 l h f* 464.4 363.36 m 466.2 363 l 466.2 362.28 l 464.4 362.64 l h f* 465.84 363 m 467.64 363.72 l 468 363 l 466.2 362.28 l h f* 468 363 0.72 0.72 re f* 471.6 363.72 m 473.04 363.36 l 473.04 362.64 l 471.6 363 l h f* 472.68 363.36 m 474.48 364.08 l 474.84 363.36 l 473.04 362.64 l h f* 474.84 363.36 1.8 0.72 re f* 479.52 363.36 0.72 0.72 re f* 479.88 364.08 m 481.68 364.8 l 482.04 364.08 l 480.24 363.36 l h f* 481.68 364.8 m 483.12 365.52 l 483.48 364.8 l 482.04 364.08 l h f* 483.12 365.52 m 484.2 365.88 l 484.56 365.16 l 483.48 364.8 l h f* 487.44 365.88 m 488.88 366.24 l 488.88 365.52 l 487.44 365.16 l h f* 489.24 366.24 m 490.92 365.52 l 490.56 364.8 l 488.88 365.52 l h f* 490.56 365.52 m 492 365.88 l 492 365.16 l 490.56 364.8 l h f* 492 365.16 0.36 0.72 re f* q 323.04 393 0.84 1.68 re h W n 323.4 394.56 m 323.76 393.12 l 323.04 393.12 l 322.68 394.56 l h f* Q 324.12 390.24 m 324.48 388.8 l 323.76 388.8 l 323.4 390.24 l h f* 325.2 385.92 m 325.2 385.56 l 324.48 385.56 l 324.48 385.92 l h f* 325.2 385.92 m 325.56 384.84 l 324.84 384.48 l 324.48 385.56 l h f* 325.92 381.6 m 326.28 380.16 l 325.56 380.16 l 325.2 381.6 l h f* 327 377.4 m 327 376.68 l 326.28 376.68 l 326.28 377.4 l h f* 327 376.68 m 327 375.96 l 326.28 375.96 l 326.28 376.68 l h f* 327.36 373.08 m 327.36 371.64 l 326.64 371.64 l 326.64 373.08 l h f* 327.6 368.76 m 327.96 367.32 l 327.36 367.32 l 327 368.76 l h f* 328.32 364.44 m 328.32 363 l 327.6 363 l 327.6 364.44 l h f* 331.2 361.92 m 331.92 361.56 l 331.56 360.84 l 330.84 361.2 l h f* 331.2 361.56 m 331.92 361.92 l 332.28 361.2 l 331.56 360.84 l h f* 334.8 362.28 0.36 0.72 re f* 335.16 362.28 1.08 0.72 re f* 338.76 363 m 339.84 363.36 l 340.2 362.64 l 339.12 362.28 l h f* 339.84 363.36 m 340.2 363.72 l 340.56 363.36 l 340.2 363 l h f* 343.08 363.72 m 344.16 362.64 l 343.8 362.28 l 342.72 363.36 l h f* 346.32 360.12 m 347.4 359.76 l 347.04 359.04 l 345.96 359.4 l h f* 347.04 359.04 0.36 0.72 re f* 350.28 359.04 0.36 0.72 re f* 350.64 359.04 1.08 0.72 re f* 354.6 358.68 1.08 0.72 re f* 355.68 358.68 0.36 0.72 re f* 358.92 359.04 0.36 0.72 re f* 359.28 359.04 1.08 0.72 re f* 362.88 360.84 m 363.96 361.56 l 364.32 360.84 l 363.24 360.12 l h f* 367.2 360.84 0.72 0.72 re f* 367.92 360.84 0.6 0.72 re f* 371.4 363 m 372.84 363.36 l 372.84 362.64 l 371.4 362.28 l h f* 375.72 362.28 0.72 0.72 re f* 376.44 362.28 0.72 0.72 re f* 380.04 362.64 m 381.48 363 l 381.48 362.28 l 380.04 361.92 l h f* 384.36 361.92 0.72 0.72 re f* 385.44 362.64 m 386.16 362.28 l 385.8 361.56 l 385.08 361.92 l h f* 388.68 360.84 1.44 0.72 re f* 393 360.48 0.72 0.72 re f* 393.72 360.48 0.72 0.72 re f* 397.32 360.12 m 398.76 359.76 l 398.76 359.04 l 397.32 359.4 l h f* 401.28 357.96 1.08 0.72 re f* 402.36 357.96 0.36 0.72 re f* 404.88 360.48 m 405.6 360.84 l 405.96 360.12 l 405.24 359.76 l h f* 405.96 360.12 0.72 0.72 re f* 409.08 360.48 m 410.16 361.2 l 410.52 360.48 l 409.44 359.76 l h f* 413.04 360.84 m 414.12 361.2 l 414.48 360.48 l 413.4 360.12 l h f* 414.48 360.48 0.36 0.72 re f* 417.72 359.76 0.36 0.72 re f* 417.72 360.48 m 418.44 361.2 l 418.8 360.84 l 418.08 360.12 l h f* 421.68 361.56 m 423.12 361.92 l 423.12 361.2 l 421.68 360.84 l h f* 426 361.2 0.72 0.72 re f* 426.36 361.92 m 427.08 362.28 l 427.44 361.56 l 426.72 361.2 l h f* 430.32 361.2 1.44 0.72 re f* 435 361.2 m 435.72 360.84 l 435.36 360.12 l 434.64 360.48 l h f* 435 360.84 m 435.72 361.2 l 436.08 360.48 l 435.36 360.12 l h f* 438.96 361.56 m 440.4 361.92 l 440.4 361.2 l 438.96 360.84 l h f* 443.28 360.84 0.72 0.72 re f* 444 360.84 0.72 0.72 re f* 447.6 360.12 1.44 0.72 re f* 452.16 361.2 m 452.88 360.84 l 452.52 360.12 l 451.8 360.48 l h f* 452.88 360.84 m 453.6 360.48 l 453.24 359.76 l 452.52 360.12 l h f* 455.76 359.04 1.44 0.72 re f* 460.44 359.4 m 461.52 359.04 l 461.16 358.32 l 460.08 358.68 l h f* 461.16 358.32 0.36 0.72 re f* 464.76 359.76 m 466.2 359.04 l 465.84 358.32 l 464.4 359.04 l h f* 468.36 360.48 m 469.44 360.84 l 469.8 360.12 l 468.72 359.76 l h f* 469.8 360.12 0.36 0.72 re f* 473.04 361.56 m 474.48 361.2 l 474.48 360.48 l 473.04 360.84 l h f* 477 361.2 m 478.08 361.92 l 478.44 361.2 l 477.36 360.48 l h f* 478.44 361.2 0.36 0.72 re f* 481.68 361.56 0.36 0.72 re f* 481.68 362.28 m 482.76 362.64 l 483.12 361.92 l 482.04 361.56 l h f* 486 362.28 1.08 0.72 re f* 487.08 362.28 0.36 0.72 re f* 490.2 360.84 0.36 0.72 re f* 490.92 361.56 m 492 360.84 l 491.64 360.12 l 490.56 360.84 l h f* q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 323.04 394.08 2.28 3.36 re h W n 0.36 w 323.04 397.08 m 323.4 396.72 l 323.76 396.36 l 324.48 395.64 l 324.84 394.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 324.84 394.56 m 325.2 393.48 l 325.2 392.04 l 325.92 388.8 l 326.64 380.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 326.64 380.88 m 327 378.84 l 327 376.68 l 327.36 371.64 l 327.6 367.32 l 327.6 365.16 l 327.96 363.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 327.96 363.72 m 328.32 361.92 l 328.68 360.48 l 329.4 359.76 l 329.76 359.04 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 329.76 359.04 m 330.12 359.04 l 330.48 359.4 l 331.2 359.76 l 331.56 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 331.56 360.12 m 332.28 360.48 l 333.36 360.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 333.36 360.48 m 334.44 360.12 l 335.16 359.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 335.16 359.76 m 335.88 360.12 l 336.6 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 336.6 360.12 m 336.96 359.76 l 337.32 359.4 l 338.04 359.04 l 338.4 359.04 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 338.4 359.04 m 338.76 359.4 l 339.12 359.76 l 339.84 360.48 l 340.2 360.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 340.2 360.84 m 340.92 360.84 l 342 360.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 342 360.84 m 342.72 360.48 l 343.8 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 343.8 360.12 m 344.88 359.76 l 345.6 359.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 345.6 359.4 m 346.32 359.4 l 347.04 359.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 347.04 359.4 m 348.84 359.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 348.84 359.4 m 349.56 359.76 l 350.64 359.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 350.64 359.76 m 352.44 359.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 352.44 359.76 m 353.52 359.76 l 354.24 359.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 354.24 359.76 m 354.96 360.12 l 355.68 360.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 355.68 360.48 m 357.48 360.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 357.48 360.84 m 359.28 360.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 359.28 360.84 m 361.08 361.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 361.08 361.2 m 362.16 361.56 l 362.88 361.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 362.88 361.56 m 363.6 361.2 l 364.32 361.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 364.32 361.2 m 365.04 361.56 l 365.76 361.92 l 366.12 361.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 366.12 361.92 m 366.84 361.56 l 367.92 360.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 367.92 360.84 m 368.52 360.48 l 369.6 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 369.6 360.12 m 370.68 360.12 l 371.04 360.12 l 371.4 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 371.4 360.12 m 371.76 359.76 l 372.12 359.04 l 372.48 358.32 l 372.84 357.96 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 372.84 357.96 m 373.56 357.6 l 374.64 357.6 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 374.64 357.6 m 375 357.96 l 375.36 358.32 l 376.08 358.68 l 376.44 359.04 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 376.44 359.04 m 377.16 359.04 l 378.24 358.68 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 378.24 358.68 m 380.04 359.04 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 380.04 359.04 m 381.12 359.4 l 381.84 359.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 381.84 359.76 m 382.56 359.76 l 383.28 359.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 383.28 359.76 m 384 359.76 l 385.08 359.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 385.08 359.76 m 385.8 360.12 l 386.88 360.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 386.88 360.48 m 387.6 360.48 l 388.68 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 388.68 360.12 m 389.76 360.12 l 390.48 360.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 390.48 360.48 m 391.92 360.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 391.92 360.48 m 392.64 360.48 l 393.72 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 393.72 360.12 m 395.52 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 395.52 360.12 m 396.24 360.48 l 397.32 360.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 397.32 360.84 m 398.4 361.56 l 399.12 361.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 399.12 361.92 m 399.84 361.92 l 400.56 361.56 l 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w 444 362.64 m 445.08 362.28 l 445.8 361.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 445.8 361.92 m 447.24 360.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 447.24 360.84 m 447.96 360.12 l 449.04 359.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 449.04 359.4 m 449.64 359.04 l 450.72 358.68 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 450.72 358.68 m 452.52 357.96 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 452.52 357.96 m 453.6 357.6 l 454.32 357.6 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 454.32 357.6 m 455.04 357.96 l 455.76 358.68 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 455.76 358.68 m 456.48 359.04 l 457.56 359.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 457.56 359.4 m 458.28 359.4 l 459.36 359.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 459.36 359.4 m 461.16 359.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 461.16 359.4 m 462.24 359.76 l 462.96 359.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 462.96 359.76 m 464.4 359.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 464.4 359.76 m 465.12 359.4 l 466.2 359.04 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 466.2 359.04 m 466.92 359.04 l 468 359.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 468 359.4 m 468.72 359.76 l 469.8 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 469.8 360.12 m 470.88 360.12 l 471.6 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 471.6 360.12 m 472.32 360.48 l 473.04 360.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 473.04 360.48 m 474.84 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 474.84 360.12 m 475.56 359.4 l 476.64 359.04 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 476.64 359.04 m 477.36 359.04 l 478.44 359.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 478.44 359.4 m 479.16 360.12 l 479.88 360.48 l 480.24 360.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 480.24 360.48 m 480.6 360.48 l 481.32 360.12 l 482.04 359.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 482.04 359.76 m 483.48 360.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 483.48 360.12 m 483.84 360.48 l 484.2 360.84 l 484.92 361.2 l 485.28 361.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 485.28 361.56 m 485.64 361.56 l 486 361.2 l 487.08 360.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 487.08 360.84 m 487.8 360.84 l 488.88 360.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 488.88 360.48 m 489.24 360.12 l 489.96 359.76 l 490.2 359.4 l 490.56 359.04 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 490.56 359.04 m 490.92 359.4 l 491.28 359.76 l 491.64 360.12 l 492 360.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 492 360.48 m 492.72 360.48 l 493.8 360.12 l S Q BT 0.999 0 0 1 315.84 351.84 Tm /F2 5.3796 Tf 0.0118 Tc (0) Tj 0 15.84 TD (5) Tj -2.8828 15.72 TD -0.1083 Tc (10) Tj 0 16.2 TD (15) Tj 0 15.72 TD (20) Tj 8.6484 -72 TD 0.0118 Tc (0) Tj 41.6807 0 TD -0.1083 Tc (25) Tj 43.4824 0 TD -0.2284 Tc (50) Tj 43.002 0 TD -0.1083 Tc (75) Tj 41.6807 0 TD (100) Tj ET BT 507.12 333.6 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -319.68 -8.64 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0118 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0157 Tc (a) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (\)) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 24.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD 0.0321 Tc 0 Tw (\(b\)) Tj 11.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -321 -13.08 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.0038 Tc 2.4762 Tw (Figure 3.) Tj 47.16 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD -0.0035 Tc 2.6035 Tw (Mean genetic diversity of representative runs plotted against the first 100) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -52.8 -13.44 TD -0.0031 Tc 1.0431 Tw (generations; breast cancer data \(pop. size = 50\):) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 234.48 0 TD 0.017 Tc 1.023 Tw (\(a\) steady) Tj 46.56 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0095 Tc 1.0895 Tw (state GA; \(b\) microbial) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 115.8 0 TD 0.0047 Tc 0.0753 Tw (GA, ) Tj -400.68 -13.44 TD 0.0132 Tc 0.6668 Tw (both with) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 48.84 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 8.4 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0205 Tc 0.6595 Tw (= 1.0%.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 41.16 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (Legend:) Tj 38.04 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.0882 Tc 0 Tw (long) Tj 20.88 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.6784 Tw (dashes: uni. c.) Tj 67.56 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0267 Tc 0.0533 Tw (o., ) Tj 15.36 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.8092 Tw (= 60%) Tj 31.68 0 TD -0 Tc 0.68 Tw (, short) Tj 29.88 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.6784 Tw (dashes: uni. c.) Tj 67.68 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0267 Tc 0.0533 Tw (o., ) Tj -408.72 -13.44 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD -0.0092 Tc -0.0308 Tw (= 10%) Tj 30.96 0 TD 0.002 Tc -0.022 Tw (, and solid line: mutation alone. ) Tj 150.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 1 1 1 rg ET 93.48 176.16 208.2 87.12 re f* 109.08 253.8 m 292.2 253.8 l 292.2 195.12 l 109.08 195.12 l 109.08 253.8 l h f* q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 109.08 253.8 m 292.2 253.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 292.2 253.8 m 292.2 195.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 292.2 195.12 m 109.08 195.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 109.08 195.12 m 109.08 253.8 l S Q 109.08 253.8 m 109.08 195.12 l S 107.16 195.12 m 109.08 195.12 l S 107.16 209.64 m 109.08 209.64 l S 107.16 224.4 m 109.08 224.4 l S 107.16 238.92 m 109.08 238.92 l S 107.16 253.8 m 109.08 253.8 l S 109.08 195.12 m 292.2 195.12 l S 109.08 193.32 m 109.08 195.12 l S 154.8 193.32 m 154.8 195.12 l S 200.88 193.32 m 200.88 195.12 l S 246.48 193.32 m 246.48 195.12 l S 292.2 193.32 m 292.2 195.12 l S 0 0 0 rg 109.08 250.32 m 111 249.96 l 111 249.24 l 109.08 249.6 l h f* 111 249.24 1.92 0.72 re f* 112.56 249.96 m 114 250.68 l 114.48 249.96 l 112.92 249.24 l h f* 117.48 248.76 m 118.68 247.68 l 118.2 247.32 l 117.12 248.4 l h f* 118.68 247.68 m 120.48 246.84 l 120.12 246.12 l 118.2 246.84 l h f* 119.76 246.84 m 121.68 248.04 l 122.04 247.32 l 120.12 246.12 l h f* 125.04 246.84 0.48 0.84 re f* 125.52 247.68 m 127.32 248.04 l 127.32 247.32 l 125.52 246.84 l h f* 127.8 248.04 m 129.6 247.32 l 129.24 246.48 l 127.32 247.32 l h f* 129.6 247.32 m 130.8 246.84 l 130.44 246.12 l 129.24 246.48 l h f* 133.08 246.84 m 134.28 248.04 l 134.64 247.68 l 133.44 246.48 l h f* 134.64 248.04 m 136.56 247.68 l 136.56 246.84 l 134.64 247.32 l h f* 136.56 247.68 m 138.36 247.32 l 138.36 246.48 l 136.56 246.84 l h f* 141.48 246.12 0.72 0.72 re f* 142.56 246.84 m 144.12 246.12 l 143.76 245.4 l 142.2 246.12 l h f* 144.12 246.12 m 146.04 244.2 l 145.68 243.84 l 143.76 245.76 l h f* 146.04 244.2 m 146.4 243.84 l 146.04 243.48 l 145.68 243.84 l h f* 148.32 241.2 m 149.88 239.64 l 149.4 239.28 l 147.96 240.84 l h f* 149.88 239.64 m 151.68 238.92 l 151.32 238.2 l 149.4 238.92 l h f* 151.32 238.92 m 152.88 238.56 l 152.88 237.72 l 151.32 238.2 l h f* 155.88 237.72 0.84 0.84 re f* 156.72 237.72 1.92 0.84 re f* 159 238.56 m 160.92 237 l 160.44 236.28 l 158.64 237.72 l h f* 160.92 236.64 m 160.92 236.28 l 160.08 236.28 l 160.08 236.64 l h f* 162 233.64 m 162.36 232.8 l 161.64 232.44 l 161.28 233.16 l h f* 162.36 232.8 m 164.28 228.24 l 163.56 227.88 l 161.64 232.44 l h f* 165.84 225.6 m 166.2 224.4 l 165.48 224.04 l 165 225.24 l h f* 165.48 224.4 m 167.28 225.24 l 167.76 224.4 l 165.84 223.68 l h f* 167.76 224.4 1.8 0.84 re f* 170.04 224.88 m 170.04 224.4 l 169.2 224.4 l 169.2 224.88 l h f* 170.76 221.4 m 171.84 216.84 l 171.12 216.84 l 170.04 221.4 l h f* 171.84 216.84 m 171.84 216.12 l 171.12 216.12 l 171.12 216.84 l h f* 172.68 213 m 173.4 209.64 l 172.68 209.64 l 171.84 213 l h f* 173.4 209.64 m 173.76 207.72 l 173.04 207.72 l 172.68 209.64 l h f* 174.6 204.72 m 175.32 200.16 l 174.6 200.16 l 173.76 204.72 l h f* 174.96 199.68 0.72 0.84 re f* 178.32 201.24 m 180.24 201.96 l 180.6 201.24 l 178.8 200.52 l h f* 180.24 201.96 m 181.8 202.8 l 182.16 201.96 l 180.6 201.24 l h f* 182.16 201.96 1.92 0.84 re f* 187.08 202.44 0.84 0.72 re f* 188.28 203.16 m 190.2 202.44 l 189.84 201.6 l 187.92 202.44 l h f* 189.84 201.6 1.44 0.84 re f* 191.28 201.6 1.2 0.84 re f* 195.48 201.6 1.56 0.84 re f* 197.04 202.44 m 198.96 201.96 l 198.96 201.24 l 197.04 201.6 l h f* 198.96 201.96 m 200.4 201.6 l 200.4 200.88 l 198.96 201.24 l h f* 200.4 200.88 0.48 0.72 re f* 203.88 201.24 0.36 0.72 re f* 204.24 201.24 1.92 0.72 re f* 206.16 201.96 m 208.08 202.44 l 208.08 201.6 l 206.16 201.24 l h f* 208.08 201.6 1.08 0.84 re f* 212.28 201.96 1.08 0.84 re f* 213.36 201.96 1.92 0.84 re f* 215.28 202.8 m 217.2 203.16 l 217.2 202.44 l 215.28 201.96 l h f* 217.2 202.44 0.36 0.72 re f* 220.56 202.8 1.92 0.72 re f* 222.48 202.8 1.92 0.72 re f* 224.4 203.52 m 225.96 203.88 l 225.96 203.16 l 224.4 202.8 l h f* 228.96 203.88 0.84 0.84 re f* 229.8 203.88 1.8 0.84 re f* 231.6 203.88 1.92 0.84 re f* 233.52 203.88 0.84 0.84 re f* 237.36 205.08 m 239.28 205.44 l 239.28 204.72 l 237.36 204.36 l h f* 239.28 205.44 m 240.72 205.08 l 240.72 204.36 l 239.28 204.72 l h f* 240.72 205.08 m 242.64 205.44 l 242.64 204.72 l 240.72 204.36 l h f* 245.76 204.72 0.72 0.72 re f* 246.48 205.44 m 248.4 205.08 l 248.4 204.36 l 246.48 204.72 l h f* 248.4 204.36 1.56 0.72 re f* 250.32 205.08 m 251.4 204.72 l 251.04 203.88 l 249.96 204.36 l h f* 254.52 203.88 m 255.96 203.16 l 255.6 202.44 l 254.04 203.16 l h f* 255.96 203.16 m 257.88 201.96 l 257.52 201.24 l 255.6 202.44 l h f* 257.88 201.96 m 259.08 200.52 l 258.24 200.16 l 257.16 201.6 l h f* 262.08 200.16 m 263.28 199.68 l 262.8 198.96 l 261.72 199.32 l h f* 262.8 198.96 1.92 0.72 re f* 264.72 198.96 1.92 0.72 re f* 266.64 198.96 0.36 0.72 re f* 269.76 200.16 m 271.56 201.24 l 272.04 200.52 l 270.12 199.32 l h f* 272.04 201.24 m 273.84 201.6 l 273.84 200.88 l 272.04 200.52 l h f* 273.84 201.6 m 275.4 201.96 l 275.4 201.24 l 273.84 200.88 l h f* 278.4 201.6 0.84 0.84 re f* 279.24 202.44 m 281.16 202.8 l 281.16 201.96 l 279.24 201.6 l h f* 281.16 201.96 1.8 0.84 re f* 282.96 201.96 0.84 0.84 re f* 286.8 202.8 m 288.36 202.44 l 288.36 201.6 l 286.8 201.96 l h f* 288.36 202.44 m 290.28 201.96 l 290.28 201.24 l 288.36 201.6 l h f* 109.44 250.68 m 110.64 249.6 l 110.28 249.24 l 109.08 250.32 l h f* 112.92 247.68 m 114.48 247.32 l 114.48 246.48 l 112.92 246.84 l h f* 117.48 245.4 m 118.68 244.56 l 118.2 243.84 l 117.12 244.56 l h f* 118.68 244.2 m 118.68 243.84 l 117.84 243.84 l 117.84 244.2 l h f* 119.76 240.84 m 120.12 239.28 l 119.4 239.28 l 119.04 240.84 l h f* 121.32 236.64 m 122.04 235.44 l 121.32 235.08 l 120.48 236.28 l h f* 123.6 232.44 m 123.96 231.36 l 123.24 230.88 l 122.76 232.08 l h f* 123.96 230.88 m 123.96 230.52 l 123.24 230.52 l 123.24 230.88 l h f* 125.52 228.24 m 125.88 227.16 l 125.04 226.8 l 124.68 227.88 l h f* 125.88 226.8 m 125.88 226.32 l 125.04 226.32 l 125.04 226.8 l h f* 126.6 223.32 m 126.6 221.76 l 125.88 221.76 l 125.88 223.32 l h f* 127.32 218.76 m 127.32 217.2 l 126.6 217.2 l 126.6 218.76 l h f* 128.16 214.2 m 128.16 212.64 l 127.32 212.64 l 127.32 214.2 l h f* 128.88 209.64 m 128.88 208.08 l 128.16 208.08 l 128.16 209.64 l h f* 129.24 205.08 m 129.6 203.52 l 128.88 203.52 l 128.52 205.08 l h f* 132 205.8 m 132.72 206.64 l 133.08 206.16 l 132.36 205.44 l h f* 133.08 205.8 0.36 0.84 re f* 136.56 207 1.44 0.72 re f* 141.48 207.72 m 142.56 207.36 l 142.2 206.64 l 141.12 207 l h f* 142.2 206.64 0.36 0.72 re f* 145.68 206.16 1.44 0.84 re f* 150.24 205.8 1.08 0.84 re f* 150.96 206.64 m 151.32 207 l 151.68 206.64 l 151.32 206.16 l h f* 154.44 206.64 0.36 0.72 re f* 154.8 206.64 1.08 0.72 re f* 159 207 1.44 0.72 re f* 163.56 207.36 0.36 0.72 re f* 163.56 208.08 m 164.64 208.44 l 165 207.72 l 163.92 207.36 l h f* 167.76 208.92 m 169.2 209.64 l 169.56 208.92 l 168.12 208.08 l h f* 172.68 209.64 0.36 0.72 re f* 172.68 210.36 m 173.76 210.72 l 174.24 210 l 173.04 209.64 l h f* 177.24 211.2 m 178.8 210.72 l 178.8 210 l 177.24 210.36 l h f* 181.8 208.44 0.36 0.84 re f* 182.52 209.28 m 183.72 208.92 l 183.36 208.08 l 182.16 208.44 l h f* 186 208.08 m 187.56 208.92 l 187.92 208.08 l 186.36 207.36 l h f* 190.56 206.64 0.72 0.72 re f* 190.92 207.36 m 191.64 207.72 l 192.12 207 l 191.28 206.64 l h f* 195.12 208.08 1.56 0.84 re f* 199.32 209.64 m 200.04 210 l 200.4 209.28 l 199.68 208.92 l h f* 200.4 209.28 0.84 0.72 re f* 204.24 210 m 205.8 209.64 l 205.8 208.92 l 204.24 209.28 l h f* 209.16 208.08 m 210.36 207 l 210 206.64 l 208.8 207.72 l h f* 212.64 207.36 m 213 207.72 l 213.36 207.36 l 213 207 l h f* 213.72 207.72 m 214.92 207.36 l 214.56 206.64 l 213.36 207 l h f* 217.92 207.36 m 219.48 206.64 l 219.12 205.8 l 217.56 206.64 l h f* 221.76 206.64 0.72 0.72 re f* 222.48 206.64 0.84 0.72 re f* 226.32 206.64 m 227.88 206.16 l 227.88 205.44 l 226.32 205.8 l h f* 230.88 205.08 m 232.08 204.72 l 231.6 203.88 l 230.52 204.36 l h f* 231.24 204.72 m 231.6 205.08 l 232.08 204.72 l 231.6 204.36 l h f* 234.72 205.8 0.72 0.84 re f* 235.44 205.8 0.72 0.84 re f* 239.64 205.44 m 241.2 204.72 l 240.72 203.88 l 239.28 204.72 l h f* 243.84 203.52 0.72 0.84 re f* 244.56 203.52 0.84 0.84 re f* 248.4 203.16 1.56 0.72 re f* 252.96 202.8 0.72 0.72 re f* 253.68 202.8 0.84 0.72 re f* 257.88 203.52 m 259.44 202.8 l 259.08 201.96 l 257.52 202.8 l h f* 262.08 201.24 0.72 0.72 re f* 262.8 201.24 0.84 0.72 re f* 266.64 201.96 m 268.2 201.6 l 268.2 200.88 l 266.64 201.24 l h f* 271.2 200.88 0.84 0.72 re f* 272.04 200.88 0.72 0.72 re f* 275.76 199.68 1.56 0.84 re f* 280.32 200.52 0.84 0.72 re f* 281.16 200.52 0.72 0.72 re f* 284.88 201.24 m 286.44 201.6 l 286.44 200.88 l 284.88 200.52 l h f* 289.44 201.24 0.84 0.72 re f* q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 109.08 246.84 2.4 3.48 re h W n 0.36 w 109.08 249.96 m 109.92 248.4 l 111 247.32 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 111 247.32 m 112.2 246.84 l 112.56 246.48 l 112.92 246.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 112.92 246.12 m 113.28 245.04 l 113.64 243.48 l 114 241.56 l 114.48 239.28 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 114.48 239.28 m 114.84 237.36 l 114.84 235.08 l 115.2 229.8 l 115.92 224.04 l 115.92 221.4 l 116.4 219.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 116.4 219.12 m 117.12 210 l 117.48 207.72 l 117.84 205.8 l 117.84 204.36 l 118.2 203.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 118.2 203.16 m 118.68 202.8 l 119.04 203.16 l 119.76 203.16 l 120.12 203.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 120.12 203.52 m 122.04 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 122.04 203.88 m 122.76 204.36 l 123.6 204.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 123.6 204.72 m 124.32 204.72 l 125.52 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 125.52 204.36 m 126.24 203.88 l 127.32 203.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 127.32 203.52 m 128.16 203.52 l 129.24 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 129.24 203.88 m 130.08 204.36 l 131.16 204.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 131.16 204.72 m 132.36 204.72 l 133.08 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 133.08 204.36 m 134.64 204.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 134.64 204.72 m 135.36 205.08 l 136.56 205.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 136.56 205.44 m 137.28 205.44 l 138.36 205.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 138.36 205.08 m 139.2 204.72 l 140.28 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 140.28 204.36 m 141.48 204.36 l 142.2 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 142.2 204.36 m 142.92 204.36 l 143.76 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 143.76 203.88 m 145.68 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 145.68 203.88 m 146.4 203.52 l 147.6 203.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 147.6 203.52 m 148.32 203.88 l 149.4 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 149.4 204.36 m 150.6 204.36 l 151.32 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 151.32 204.36 m 152.88 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 152.88 204.36 m 154.8 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 154.8 204.36 m 156.72 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 156.72 204.36 m 158.64 204.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 158.64 204.72 m 159.72 205.44 l 160.44 205.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 160.44 205.8 m 162 206.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 162 206.16 m 163.92 206.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 163.92 206.16 m 164.64 206.64 l 165.84 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 165.84 206.64 m 167.76 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 167.76 206.64 m 169.56 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 169.56 206.64 m 170.76 207 l 171.48 207 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 171.48 207 m 173.04 207 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 173.04 207 m 173.76 207 l 174.96 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 174.96 206.64 m 175.68 206.64 l 176.88 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 176.88 206.64 m 177.24 206.16 l 177.6 205.8 l 178.32 205.44 l 178.8 205.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 178.8 205.08 m 179.88 205.08 l 180.6 205.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 180.6 205.44 m 182.16 205.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 182.16 205.8 m 184.08 206.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 184.08 206.16 m 184.8 206.64 l 186 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 186 206.64 m 186.72 206.64 l 187.92 206.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 187.92 206.16 m 189 206.16 l 189.84 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 189.84 206.64 m 191.28 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 191.28 206.64 m 193.2 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 193.2 206.64 m 193.92 207 l 195.12 207 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 195.12 207 m 197.04 207 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 197.04 207 m 198.96 207 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 198.96 207 m 199.68 206.64 l 200.4 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 200.4 206.64 m 201.24 206.64 l 202.32 207 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 202.32 207 m 204.24 207 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 204.24 207 m 204.96 207.36 l 206.16 207.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 206.16 207.36 m 208.08 207.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 208.08 207.36 m 209.16 207.72 l 210 207.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 210 207.72 m 211.44 207.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 211.44 207.72 m 213.36 207.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 213.36 207.36 m 215.28 207 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 215.28 207 m 217.2 206.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 217.2 206.64 m 219.12 205.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 219.12 205.8 m 219.84 205.8 l 220.56 205.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 220.56 205.44 m 221.04 205.08 l 221.4 204.36 l 222.12 203.52 l 222.48 203.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 222.48 203.16 m 223.32 203.16 l 224.4 203.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 224.4 203.16 m 225.12 203.52 l 226.32 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 226.32 203.88 m 227.4 203.88 l 228.24 203.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 228.24 203.52 m 229.8 203.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 229.8 203.52 m 230.52 203.52 l 231.6 203.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 231.6 203.52 m 232.44 203.88 l 233.52 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 233.52 204.36 m 234.36 204.72 l 235.44 205.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 235.44 205.08 m 236.16 205.08 l 237.36 205.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 237.36 205.08 m 238.44 204.72 l 239.28 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 239.28 203.88 m 240.72 203.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 240.72 203.52 m 241.56 203.52 l 242.64 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 242.64 203.88 m 244.56 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 244.56 203.88 m 246.48 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 246.48 203.88 m 248.4 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 248.4 203.88 m 249.96 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 249.96 203.88 m 251.76 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 251.76 203.88 m 252.6 204.36 l 253.68 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 253.68 204.36 m 255.6 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 255.6 204.36 m 257.52 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 257.52 204.36 m 259.08 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 259.08 204.36 m 261 204.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 261 204.36 m 262.8 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 262.8 203.88 m 264.72 203.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 264.72 203.16 m 265.92 202.8 l 266.64 201.96 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 266.64 201.96 m 267.36 201.6 l 268.2 201.24 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 268.2 201.24 m 268.92 201.24 l 270.12 201.24 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 270.12 201.24 m 270.84 201.24 l 272.04 200.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 272.04 200.88 m 273.84 200.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 273.84 200.88 m 274.68 200.88 l 275.76 200.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 275.76 200.52 m 277.68 200.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 277.68 200.52 m 279.24 200.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 279.24 200.52 m 281.16 200.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 281.16 200.52 m 281.88 200.88 l 282.96 200.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 282.96 200.88 m 284.88 200.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 284.88 200.88 m 286.08 201.24 l 286.8 201.24 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 286.8 201.24 m 288.36 201.24 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 288.36 201.24 m 290.28 201.6 l S Q BT 0.9987 0 0 1 101.52 193.2 Tm /F2 5.7051 Tf -0.0481 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 0 14.4 TD (5) Tj -3.124 14.88 TD (10) Tj 0 14.4 TD (15) Tj 0 14.88 TD (20) Tj 9.2518 -67.68 TD (0) Tj 44.0964 0 TD (25) Tj 46.1391 0 TD (50) Tj 45.7786 0 TD -0.1682 Tc (75) Tj 44.2166 0 TD (100) Tj 1 1 1 rg ET 306.96 176.04 196.32 90 re f* 321.72 257.16 m 494.28 257.16 l 494.28 193.92 l 321.72 193.92 l 321.72 257.16 l h f* q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 321.72 257.16 m 494.28 257.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 494.28 257.16 m 494.28 193.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 494.28 193.92 m 321.72 193.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 1 1 1 RG 321.72 193.92 m 321.72 257.16 l S Q 321.72 257.16 m 321.72 193.92 l S 319.92 193.92 m 321.72 193.92 l S 319.92 209.64 m 321.72 209.64 l S 319.92 225.36 m 321.72 225.36 l S 319.92 241.44 m 321.72 241.44 l S 319.92 257.16 m 321.72 257.16 l S 321.72 193.92 m 494.28 193.92 l S 321.72 192.12 m 321.72 193.92 l S 364.8 192.12 m 364.8 193.92 l S 408 192.12 m 408 193.92 l S 451.2 192.12 m 451.2 193.92 l S 494.28 192.12 m 494.28 193.92 l S q 321.72 237.6 1.92 0.96 re h W n 0 0 0 rg 321.72 237.84 1.8 0.72 re f* Q 0 0 0 rg 323.52 237.84 1.8 0.72 re f* 325.32 238.56 m 326.76 238.2 l 326.76 237.48 l 325.32 237.84 l h f* 329.64 237.48 0.72 0.72 re f* 330.36 237.48 1.8 0.72 re f* 332.16 237.48 1.8 0.72 re f* 334.32 238.2 m 335.04 237.84 l 334.68 237.12 l 333.96 237.48 l h f* 337.56 237.12 m 339 236.76 l 339 236.04 l 337.56 236.4 l h f* 339 236.76 m 340.8 236.4 l 340.8 235.68 l 339 236.04 l h f* 340.8 236.4 m 342.6 236.04 l 342.6 235.32 l 340.8 235.68 l h f* 345.48 235.32 0.36 0.72 re f* 345.84 235.32 1.8 0.72 re f* 347.64 236.04 m 349.44 235.68 l 349.44 234.96 l 347.64 235.32 l h f* 349.8 235.68 m 350.88 235.32 l 350.52 234.6 l 349.44 234.96 l h f* 353.76 234.96 m 354.84 234.6 l 354.48 233.88 l 353.4 234.24 l h f* 354.48 234.6 m 356.28 234.24 l 356.28 233.52 l 354.48 233.88 l h f* 356.28 233.52 1.68 0.72 re f* 357.96 233.52 0.36 0.72 re f* 360.48 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390.72 208.56 l h f* 392.52 208.2 0.36 0.72 re f* 395.76 207.48 1.8 0.72 re f* 397.56 208.2 m 399.36 208.56 l 399.36 207.84 l 397.56 207.48 l h f* 399.72 208.56 m 401.16 207.84 l 400.8 207.12 l 399.36 207.84 l h f* 403.68 206.76 0.72 0.72 re f* 404.4 207.48 m 406.2 207.84 l 406.2 207.12 l 404.4 206.76 l h f* 406.2 207.12 1.8 0.72 re f* 408 207.12 0.72 0.72 re f* 411.6 207.12 1.44 0.72 re f* 413.04 207.84 m 414.84 207.48 l 414.84 206.76 l 413.04 207.12 l h f* 414.84 206.76 1.8 0.72 re f* 419.52 206.4 0.72 0.72 re f* 420.24 207.12 m 421.68 207.48 l 421.68 206.76 l 420.24 206.4 l h f* 421.68 206.76 1.8 0.72 re f* 423.48 206.76 1.08 0.72 re f* 427.44 207.12 1.44 0.72 re f* 428.88 207.84 m 430.32 208.2 l 430.32 207.48 l 428.88 207.12 l h f* 430.32 207.48 1.8 0.72 re f* 432.12 207.48 0.36 0.72 re f* 435.36 207.84 0.36 0.72 re f* 435.72 208.56 m 437.52 208.92 l 437.52 208.2 l 435.72 207.84 l h f* 437.52 208.2 1.44 0.72 re f* 438.96 208.2 1.44 0.72 re f* 442.92 209.28 m 444 209.64 l 444.36 208.92 l 443.28 208.56 l h f* 444.36 208.92 1.8 0.72 re f* 446.16 209.64 m 447.6 210 l 447.6 209.28 l 446.16 208.92 l h f* 447.6 209.28 0.72 0.72 re f* 451.2 209.28 1.8 0.72 re f* 453 209.28 1.8 0.72 re f* 454.8 210 m 456.24 210.36 l 456.24 209.64 l 454.8 209.28 l h f* 459 209.64 0.72 0.72 re f* 459.72 210.36 m 461.52 210 l 461.52 209.28 l 459.72 209.64 l h f* 461.52 210 m 463.32 209.64 l 463.32 208.92 l 461.52 209.28 l h f* 463.68 209.64 m 464.4 209.28 l 464.04 208.56 l 463.32 208.92 l h f* 467.28 209.28 m 468.72 208.56 l 468.36 207.84 l 466.92 208.56 l h f* 468.36 208.56 m 470.16 208.2 l 470.16 207.48 l 468.36 207.84 l h f* 470.16 208.2 m 471.96 207.84 l 471.96 207.12 l 470.16 207.48 l h f* 474.48 205.68 m 475.56 204.6 l 475.2 204.24 l 474.12 205.32 l h f* 475.2 204.6 m 477 204.24 l 477 203.52 l 475.2 203.88 l h f* 477 204.24 m 478.8 204.6 l 478.8 203.88 l 477 203.52 l h f* 481.68 204.6 0.36 0.72 re f* 481.68 205.32 m 483.48 206.04 l 483.84 205.32 l 482.04 204.6 l h f* 483.48 206.04 m 485.28 206.76 l 485.64 206.04 l 483.84 205.32 l h f* 485.28 206.76 m 486.36 207.12 l 486.72 206.4 l 485.64 206.04 l h f* 489.24 208.56 m 490.32 208.92 l 490.68 208.2 l 489.6 207.84 l h f* 490.68 208.2 1.8 0.72 re f* q 321.72 237.96 1.56 1.32 re h W n 321.72 238.92 m 323.16 239.28 l 323.16 238.56 l 321.72 238.2 l h f* Q 326.04 237.84 0.72 0.72 re f* 327.12 238.56 m 327.48 238.2 l 327.12 237.84 l 326.76 238.2 l h f* 330 236.04 m 330.72 235.68 l 330.36 234.96 l 329.64 235.32 l h f* 330.72 235.68 m 331.08 234.96 l 330.36 234.6 l 330 235.32 l h f* 332.88 232.44 m 333.6 231 l 332.88 230.64 l 332.16 232.08 l h f* 334.68 227.88 m 335.04 226.44 l 334.32 226.44 l 333.96 227.88 l h f* 335.76 223.56 m 335.76 223.2 l 335.04 223.2 l 335.04 223.56 l h f* 335.76 223.56 m 336.12 222.48 l 335.4 222.12 l 335.04 223.2 l h f* 336.48 219.24 m 336.84 217.8 l 336.12 217.8 l 335.76 219.24 l h f* 337.2 215.28 m 337.56 214.2 l 336.84 213.84 l 336.48 214.92 l h f* 337.56 213.84 m 337.56 213.48 l 336.84 213.48 l 336.84 213.84 l h f* 337.92 210.72 m 338.28 209.28 l 337.56 209.28 l 337.2 210.72 l h f* 338.64 206.4 m 338.64 204.96 l 337.92 204.96 l 337.92 206.4 l h f* 339 202.08 m 339.36 200.64 l 338.64 200.64 l 338.28 202.08 l h f* 340.8 199.56 m 342.24 199.92 l 342.24 199.2 l 340.8 198.84 l h f* 345.12 199.56 0.72 0.72 re f* 345.84 199.56 0.72 0.72 re f* 349.44 201 m 350.88 201.36 l 350.88 200.64 l 349.44 200.28 l h f* 353.76 201.36 0.72 0.72 re f* 354.48 201.36 0.72 0.72 re f* 357.96 202.08 m 359.4 202.44 l 359.4 201.72 l 357.96 201.36 l h f* 362.28 202.44 0.72 0.72 re f* 363 202.44 0.72 0.72 re f* 366.6 203.52 m 368.04 203.88 l 368.04 203.16 l 366.6 202.8 l h f* 370.92 202.8 0.72 0.72 re f* 371.64 202.8 0.72 0.72 re f* 375.24 202.8 m 376.68 202.44 l 376.68 201.72 l 375.24 202.08 l h f* 379.92 201.72 m 380.64 201.36 l 380.28 200.64 l 379.56 201 l h f* 380.28 200.64 0.72 0.72 re f* 383.88 201 1.44 0.72 re f* 388.2 201.72 0.72 0.72 re f* 388.92 201.72 0.72 0.72 re f* 392.52 202.8 m 393.96 203.16 l 393.96 202.44 l 392.52 202.08 l h f* 396.84 202.08 0.72 0.72 re f* 397.92 202.8 m 398.64 202.44 l 398.28 201.72 l 397.56 202.08 l h f* 401.16 201.72 m 402.6 202.08 l 402.6 201.36 l 401.16 201 l h f* 405.48 201.36 0.72 0.72 re f* 406.2 201.36 0.72 0.72 re f* 409.8 202.44 m 411.24 202.08 l 411.24 201.36 l 409.8 201.72 l h f* 414.12 201.72 0.72 0.72 re f* 414.84 201.72 0.72 0.72 re f* 418.44 202.8 m 419.88 203.16 l 419.88 202.44 l 418.44 202.08 l h f* 422.76 202.8 0.72 0.72 re f* 423.48 202.8 0.72 0.72 re f* 427.08 203.88 m 428.52 204.24 l 428.52 203.52 l 427.08 203.16 l h f* 431.04 204.96 m 431.76 205.32 l 432.12 204.6 l 431.4 204.24 l h f* 432.12 204.6 0.72 0.72 re f* 436.08 204.96 m 437.16 203.88 l 436.8 203.52 l 435.72 204.6 l h f* 438.96 201.36 m 439.32 200.64 l 438.6 200.28 l 438.24 201 l h f* 438.96 199.92 0.72 0.72 re f* 442.56 199.92 1.44 0.72 re f* 446.88 199.92 0.72 0.72 re f* 447.6 199.92 0.72 0.72 re f* 451.2 200.28 1.44 0.72 re f* 455.52 200.28 0.72 0.72 re f* 456.24 200.28 0.72 0.72 re f* 459.72 200.64 1.44 0.72 re f* 464.04 200.64 0.72 0.72 re f* 464.76 200.64 0.72 0.72 re f* 468.36 201.72 m 469.8 201.36 l 469.8 200.64 l 468.36 201 l h f* 472.68 201 0.72 0.72 re f* 473.4 201 0.72 0.72 re f* 477 201 1.44 0.72 re f* 481.32 201 0.72 0.72 re f* 482.04 201 0.72 0.72 re f* 485.64 201 1.44 0.72 re f* 489.96 201 0.72 0.72 re f* 490.68 201 0.72 0.72 re f* q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 321.72 238.08 2.28 0.84 re h W n 0.36 w 321.72 238.56 m 323.52 238.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 323.52 238.56 m 325.32 238.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 325.32 238.56 m 326.04 238.92 l 326.76 238.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 326.76 238.92 m 327.48 238.56 l 328.56 237.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 328.56 237.84 m 329.28 237.48 l 330.36 237.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 330.36 237.12 m 331.08 236.4 l 332.16 235.32 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 332.16 235.32 m 333.24 234.24 l 333.96 233.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 333.96 233.16 m 334.68 232.08 l 335.04 231.36 l 335.4 231.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 335.4 231.36 m 335.76 231.72 l 336.12 232.44 l 336.84 233.16 l 337.2 233.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 337.2 233.52 m 337.92 233.52 l 339 233.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 339 233.52 m 339.72 233.16 l 340.8 232.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 340.8 232.8 m 341.16 232.44 l 341.88 231.72 l 342.24 231 l 342.6 230.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 342.6 230.64 m 342.96 230.64 l 343.32 230.64 l 343.68 231 l 344.04 230.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 344.04 230.64 m 344.4 230.28 l 344.76 229.2 l 345.48 228.24 l 345.84 226.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 345.84 226.8 m 346.2 225.72 l 346.2 224.28 l 346.56 220.68 l 347.28 217.08 l 347.28 215.64 l 347.64 214.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 347.64 214.2 m 348 212.16 l 348.36 210.36 l 349.08 208.56 l 349.44 207.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 349.44 207.48 m 350.52 206.04 l 351.24 205.68 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 351.24 205.68 m 351.6 205.68 l 351.96 206.04 l 352.32 206.4 l 352.68 206.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 352.68 206.4 m 353.04 206.4 l 353.4 206.04 l 354.48 205.32 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 354.48 205.32 m 355.2 205.32 l 356.28 205.32 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 356.28 205.32 m 356.64 205.68 l 357 206.04 l 357.72 206.4 l 357.96 206.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 357.96 206.76 m 359.04 206.76 l 359.76 206.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 359.76 206.4 m 360.48 206.04 l 361.2 206.04 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 361.2 206.04 m 361.56 206.4 l 361.92 206.76 l 362.64 207.12 l 363 207.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 363 207.48 m 363.72 207.12 l 364.8 206.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 364.8 206.4 m 365.16 205.68 l 365.52 204.6 l 366.24 203.88 l 366.6 203.16 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 366.6 203.16 m 366.96 202.8 l 367.68 203.16 l 368.4 203.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 368.4 203.52 m 369.12 204.24 l 369.84 205.32 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 369.84 205.32 m 371.64 206.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 371.64 206.76 m 372.36 207.84 l 373.44 208.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 373.44 208.56 m 374.16 208.92 l 375.24 209.28 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 375.24 209.28 m 376.32 210 l 377.04 211.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 377.04 211.08 m 378.48 212.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 378.48 212.52 m 378.84 212.88 l 379.2 213.48 l 379.92 213.84 l 380.28 213.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 380.28 213.84 m 380.64 213.12 l 381 212.52 l 381.72 211.44 l 382.08 210.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 382.08 210.36 m 382.8 208.56 l 383.52 207.84 l 383.88 207.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 383.88 207.48 m 384.24 207.48 l 384.96 207.48 l 385.68 207.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 385.68 207.84 m 387.12 208.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 387.12 208.56 m 388.92 209.28 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 388.92 209.28 m 389.64 209.64 l 390.72 210 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 390.72 210 m 391.44 210 l 392.52 209.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 392.52 209.64 m 393.6 209.28 l 394.32 208.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 394.32 208.92 m 395.04 209.28 l 395.76 209.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 395.76 209.64 m 396.48 209.64 l 397.56 210 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 397.56 210 m 398.28 210.72 l 399.36 211.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 399.36 211.8 m 400.08 213.12 l 401.16 214.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 401.16 214.56 m 402.24 215.28 l 402.96 216 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 402.96 216 m 403.68 216.72 l 404.4 217.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 404.4 217.08 m 405.12 217.44 l 406.2 217.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 406.2 217.44 m 406.92 217.8 l 408 218.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 408 218.52 m 408.72 218.88 l 409.8 219.24 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 409.8 219.24 m 410.88 219.24 l 411.24 219.24 l 411.6 218.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 411.6 218.88 m 411.96 218.16 l 412.32 217.08 l 413.04 214.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 413.04 214.92 m 413.76 213.12 l 414.84 211.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 414.84 211.08 m 415.2 210 l 415.56 208.56 l 416.28 207.12 l 416.64 206.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 416.64 206.4 m 417 206.4 l 417.36 206.76 l 418.08 207.12 l 418.44 207.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 418.44 207.48 m 420.24 208.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 420.24 208.56 m 420.96 209.28 l 421.68 210 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 421.68 210 m 422.4 210.36 l 423.12 210.36 l 423.48 210 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 423.48 210 m 423.84 209.28 l 424.2 208.2 l 424.92 207.48 l 425.28 206.4 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 425.28 206.4 m 426 204.96 l 427.08 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 427.08 203.88 m 428.16 203.16 l 428.88 202.8 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 428.88 202.8 m 429.6 201.72 l 429.96 201 l 430.32 200.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 430.32 200.64 m 431.04 200.28 l 432.12 200.28 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 432.12 200.28 m 432.84 199.92 l 433.92 199.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 433.92 199.92 m 434.64 200.28 l 435.72 200.28 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 435.72 200.28 m 436.8 199.92 l 437.52 199.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 437.52 199.56 m 438.96 199.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 438.96 199.2 m 439.68 199.56 l 440.76 199.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 440.76 199.56 m 441.48 199.56 l 442.56 199.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 442.56 199.2 m 443.28 199.2 l 444.36 198.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 444.36 198.84 m 445.44 198.12 l 446.16 197.76 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 446.16 197.76 m 446.88 197.76 l 447.6 198.12 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 447.6 198.12 m 449.4 198.48 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 449.4 198.48 m 451.2 198.84 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 451.2 198.84 m 453 199.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 453 199.2 m 454.8 199.2 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 454.8 199.2 m 455.52 199.56 l 456.24 199.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 456.24 199.56 m 458.04 199.56 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 458.04 199.56 m 459.72 199.92 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 459.72 199.92 m 461.52 200.28 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 461.52 200.28 m 463.32 200.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 463.32 200.64 m 464.76 201 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 464.76 201 m 466.56 201.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 466.56 201.36 m 468.36 201.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 468.36 201.72 m 470.16 202.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 470.16 202.08 m 471.96 202.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 471.96 202.08 m 472.68 201.72 l 473.4 201.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 473.4 201.36 m 474.12 201 l 475.2 200.64 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 475.2 200.64 m 475.92 200.64 l 477 201 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 477 201 m 478.8 201.36 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 478.8 201.36 m 480.6 201.72 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 480.6 201.72 m 482.04 202.08 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 482.04 202.08 m 482.76 202.08 l 483.84 202.44 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 483.84 202.44 m 484.56 203.16 l 485.64 203.52 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 485.64 203.52 m 486.36 203.88 l 487.44 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 487.44 203.88 m 488.52 204.24 l 489.24 204.6 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 489.24 204.6 m 489.96 204.24 l 490.68 203.88 l S Q q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm 0.36 w 490.68 203.88 m 492.48 202.8 l S Q BT 1.0046 0 0 1 314.52 192.12 Tm /F2 5.3592 Tf 0.0065 Tc (0) Tj 0 15.72 TD (5) Tj -2.8668 15.72 TD -0.1124 Tc (10) Tj 0 15.96 TD (15) Tj 0 15.72 TD (20) Tj 8.6004 -71.76 TD 0.0065 Tc (0) Tj 41.4494 0 TD -0.1124 Tc (25) Tj 43.0022 0 TD (50) Tj 43.0022 0 TD (75) Tj 41.4494 0 TD (100) Tj ET BT 505.92 173.76 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -318.48 -8.64 TD /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0118 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0157 Tc (a) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (\)) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 24.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD ( ) Tj 35.04 0 TD 0.0118 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0472 Tc (b) Tj 4.8 0 TD 0.0118 Tc (\)) Tj 3.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -321 -13.08 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.0038 Tc 2.4762 Tw (Figure 4.) Tj 47.16 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD -0.0035 Tc 2.6035 Tw (Mean genetic diversity of representative runs plotted against the first 100) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -52.8 -13.44 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.6864 Tw (generations: \(a\)) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 77.16 0 TD -0.0155 Tc 0.7755 Tw (settings as for Fig.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 91.92 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.7121 Tw (a except using diabetes data; \(b\) settings as for Fig.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -174.96 -13.44 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0195 Tw (a except with pop. size = 500) Tj 136.68 0 TD 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 5.88 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0336 Tc (Legend:) Tj 38.04 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0196 Tc 0.1396 Tw (see Fig. 4. ) Tj 51 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -214.2 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 94 0 obj 83003 endobj 92 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 89 0 R /Resources << /Font 97 0 R /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 93 0 R >> endobj 97 0 obj << /F0 6 0 R /F1 19 0 R /F2 22 0 R /F3 36 0 R /F4 58 0 R /F7 95 0 R >> endobj 99 0 obj << /Length 100 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 496.92 757.92 11.64 13.2 re h W n BT 496.92 760.68 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.08 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj ET Q BT 88.08 725.04 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.0061 Tc 0.2239 Tw (Note that in all runs with a high probability of crossover the ) Tj 286.32 0 TD -0.003 Tc -0.037 Tw (initial ) Tj 30.48 0 TD -0.0058 Tc 0.2658 Tw (region of high genetic ) Tj -316.8 -13.44 TD 0.0042 Tc 2.8958 Tw (diversity is extended.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 111.36 0 TD 0.0404 Tc 2.7996 Tw (This is) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 40.32 0 TD 0.0022 Tc 2.9311 Tw (likely due to the fact that the crossover operator can) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -151.68 -13.32 TD -0.0024 Tc 3.8924 Tw (introduce new genetic variants when applied before genetic convergence.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 380.64 0 TD -0.0128 Tc 3.9328 Tw (If using) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -380.64 -13.44 TD -0.0022 Tc 0.2299 Tw (standard crossover does make a significant difference to the outcome and/or efficiency of ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0 Tc 2.3602 Tw (an evolutionary run it could ) Tj 2.32 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj 150.36 0 TD 0 Tc 2.3595 Tw (e because it has such an evident effect on) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 216.84 0 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0423 Tw (the ) Tj 19.68 0 TD -0.0188 Tc -0.0212 Tw (genetic ) Tj -386.88 -13.44 TD 0.0311 Tc 0 Tw (diversity) Tj 40.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0 Tc 1.5598 Tw (during the initial generations) Tj 139.32 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 7.44 0 TD 0.0053 Tc 1.4947 Tw (Its impact will then decrease with convergence) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -192 -13.44 TD -0.0107 Tc 1.6507 Tw (until it disappears when the genetic difference between individuals is limited to single) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0096 Tc 1.5296 Tw (mutational steps. Note) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 112.08 0 TD 0.0359 Tc 0.0441 Tw (also ) Tj 23.4 0 TD -0.0069 Tc 1.5269 Tw (that, as expected, larger populations) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 178.32 0 TD -0.0092 Tc 1.5292 Tw (\(500 individuals\) with) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -313.8 -13.44 TD 0.0105 Tc 0.3395 Tw (large amounts of crossover \() Tj 134.4 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0259 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 5.16 -1.56 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (p) Tj 3.96 1.56 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0208 Tc 0.2992 Tw (= 60%) Tj 31.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0.0094 Tw (\) ) Tj 7.2 0 TD -0.0111 Tc -0.0289 Tw (require ) Tj 36.36 0 TD -0.0075 Tc -0.2725 Tw (relatively ) Tj 47.52 0 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.3218 Tw (more generations before genetic ) Tj -269.16 -13.44 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.0306 Tw (convergence, as ) Tj 77.4 0 TD 0.0182 Tc 0 Tw (illustrated) Tj 46.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD -0.0185 Tc 0.0385 Tw (in Fig. 4b) Tj 45 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD -0.0204 Tc 0.1004 Tw (when compared to Fig. 3a) Tj 121.56 0 TD 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -285.24 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj -17.4 -13.68 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (5.) Tj 8.76 0 TD /F2 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.007 Tw ( ) Tj 8.76 0 TD /F1 11.68 Tf -0.0012 Tc 0 Tw (Discussion) Tj 52.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -70.08 -13.2 TD /F0 11.68 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0141 Tc -0.0259 Tw (The ) Tj 21.12 0 TD -0.0194 Tc -0.1406 Tw (benchmark ) Tj 54.84 0 TD -0.0177 Tc 0 Tw (experime) Tj 43.56 0 TD -0.0111 Tc 0.0911 Tw (nts presented in this paper ) Tj 125.16 0 TD -0.0038 Tc 0.1438 Tw (provide two important results: \(i\)) Tj 155.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.03 Tc -0.13 Tw (that ) Tj -403.08 -13.44 TD 0.0033 Tc 0.1834 Tw (a detrimental effect attributable to the permutation problem, a ) Tj 293.4 0 TD 0.0078 Tc -0.0478 Tw (hypothetical ) Tj 61.08 0 TD -0.0242 Tc -0.0158 Tw (problem ) Tj 42 0 TD -0 Tc 0.0805 Tw (often ) Tj -396.48 -13.44 TD -0.0028 Tc 0.4694 Tw (associated with the artificial evolution of neural networks when using) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 332.76 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.0765 Tw (standard ) Tj 42.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (crossover) Tj 44.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0155 Tc 0 Tw (operato) Tj 34.92 0 TD -0.0765 Tc (rs) Tj 8.4 0 TD -0.0134 Tc 1.1134 Tw (, was not found in most cases) Tj 143.64 0 TD 0.004 Tc 1.066 Tw (, and \(ii\) that crossover was generally applied to) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -186.96 -13.32 TD -0.0068 Tc 1.4668 Tw (genetically converged populations) Tj 162.96 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.0249 Tc 1.4489 Tw (For most of the settings that) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 141.6 0 TD -0.0294 Tc 0 Tw (we) Tj 13.56 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0044 Tc 1.4044 Tw (tested the effect of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -329.76 -13.44 TD -0.0039 Tc 1.0919 Tw (crossover is statistically negligible. In addition,) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 230.16 0 TD 0.0502 Tc -0.0902 Tw (our ) Tj 19.68 0 TD 0.0078 Tc 1.0562 Tw (results show that in all expe) Tj 135.6 0 TD -0 Tc 0.08 Tw (riments ) Tj -385.44 -13.44 TD 0.0136 Tc 1.6264 Tw (the use of a) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 63.12 0 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.0765 Tw (standard ) Tj 44.28 0 TD -0.0015 Tc 1.6865 Tw (crossover operator never made the classification accuracy of the) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -107.4 -13.44 TD 0.001 Tc 1.779 Tw (evolved solutions significantly worse than when using mutation alone. Further, in all) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.1936 Tw (experiments with a small population ) Tj 174.24 0 TD 0.0194 Tc 0.0606 Tw (size ) Tj 21.36 0 TD 0.0113 Tc 0.2847 Tw (\(50\) the inclusion of crossover w) Tj 155.64 0 TD -0.0033 Tc 0.2033 Tw (as never found ) Tj -351.24 -13.44 TD -0.0092 Tc 1.2892 Tw (to increase the computational cost of the searches. However, we did find some support) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0099 Tc 0.5699 Tw (for an effect) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 61.56 0 TD -0.0043 Tc -0.1557 Tw (potentially ) Tj 53.52 0 TD -0.0085 Tc 0.5818 Tw (attributable to the permutation problem in searches using a large) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -115.08 -13.44 TD -0.0036 Tc 0.0036 Tw (population size \(500\) ) Tj 102.36 0 TD -0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (with) Tj 20.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0137 Tc -0.0297 Tw (a high probability \(60%\) of applying) Tj 171.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0175 Tc 0.0325 Tw (the crossover operator. In ) Tj -300.72 -13.44 TD -0.0283 Tc 0 Tw (several) Tj 33 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0075 Tc -0.0148 Tw (of those experiments there was a statistically significant increase in computational ) Tj -36 -13.44 TD -0.0015 Tc 1.0415 Tw (cost compared to the runs with mutation alone; runs with) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 279.6 0 TD -0.0035 Tc 1.0435 Tw (large populations and a) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 115.68 0 TD -0.0221 Tc -0.0179 Tw (small ) Tj -395.28 -13.44 TD -0.0024 Tc 3.5024 Tw (probability \(10%\) of crossover were) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 189.72 0 TD -0.0043 Tc -0.0357 Tw (never ) Tj 32.4 0 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0579 Tw (found ) Tj 33.84 0 TD -0.0098 Tc 3.4498 Tw (to have) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 43.92 0 TD 0.0019 Tc 3.4981 Tw (a statistically significant) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -299.88 -13.44 TD -0.013 Tc 0 Tw (increase) Tj 38.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.3248 Tw (in computational cost.) Tj 104.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.24 0 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.3141 Tw (This supports the intuition that the crossover operator can ) Tj -148.92 -13.44 TD -0.0025 Tc 3.148 Tw (potentially be more disruptive when used in conjunction with large populations, as) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0016 Tc -0.0184 Tw (discussed in section 2.2 of this paper.) Tj 174.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -174.48 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.32 TD -0.0659 Tc 0.8659 Tw (We ) Tj 0.8141 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 25.08 0 TD 0.0058 Tc 0.8182 Tw (rgue that the nature and degree of convergence of the population) Tj 310.08 0 TD -0.0029 Tc 0.8829 Tw (s \(as illustrated in) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -335.16 -13.44 TD 0.0463 Tc 0 Tw (Fig) Tj 15.48 0 TD 0.08 Tc (. ) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.04 Tc (3) Tj 5.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.44 0 TD -0.022 Tc 0.102 Tw (and ) Tj 21.12 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0.0029 Tc 1.4071 Tw (\) provides a factor that can fully explain the summary of results above.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 351.96 0 TD -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 8.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -420.48 -13.44 TD -0.0042 Tc 1.0442 Tw (population that is fully converged will not experience any deleterious effect of cro) Tj 396.36 0 TD 0.0212 Tc 0.0588 Tw (ssing ) Tj -396.36 -13.44 TD -0.0306 Tc 1.6706 Tw (over ANN) Tj 50.52 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0 Tw (s) Tj 4.44 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD -0.0118 Tc 1.6518 Tw (because there are) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 88.08 0 TD 0.0033 Tc 1.5767 Tw (unlikely to be) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 72 0 TD -0.0094 Tc 1.6494 Tw (alternate permutations.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 113.04 0 TD -0.0259 Tc 1.6659 Tw (Of course) Tj 47.28 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.56 0 TD -0.0149 Tc -0.0251 Tw (normal ) Tj -387.48 -13.44 TD -0.0034 Tc 1.0526 Tw (evolutionary search will never be fully converged since there is a continual injection of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0103 Tc 0.3783 Tw (new genetic material through mutation. If populations are converged to with) Tj 359.52 0 TD -0 Tc 0.2406 Tw (in the effects ) Tj -359.52 -13.44 TD -0.0041 Tc 0.1241 Tw (of the mutation operator then crossover will essentially become another \(biased\) mutation ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0161 Tc 0.0961 Tw (operator of similar magnitude and the permutation problem can not be manifest.) Tj 374.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -374.28 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.033 Tc 0 Tw (A) Tj 8.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0 Tw (disruptive) Tj 46.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0061 Tc 0.9561 Tw (effect attributable to the permutati) Tj 163.2 0 TD -0.0126 Tc 0.9926 Tw (on problem might be pr) Tj 114.12 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.9216 Tw (esent right at) Tj 62.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0023 Tc -0.0423 Tw (the ) Tj -406.2 -13.44 TD -0.0287 Tc 0.1887 Tw (beginning of the ) Tj 80.04 0 TD -0 Tc -0.2798 Tw (evolutionary ) Tj 62.28 0 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.2354 Tw (search and during convergence. However, in some respects ) Tj -142.32 -13.44 TD 0.0106 Tc -0.0506 Tw (this ) Tj 20.52 0 TD -0.0097 Tc 0.6897 Tw (is likely) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 41.64 0 TD -0 Tc 0.7073 Tw (an additional population randomization contributing to a wider sampling of) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -62.16 -13.44 TD -0.0119 Tc 0.1452 Tw (the search space. Certainly with small populations there is ) Tj 275.16 0 TD -0.0077 Tc 0.0677 Tw (a real possibility that the initial ) Tj -275.16 -13.44 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.6879 Tw (population sampling will not contain members close to a global optimum; the additional) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 100 0 obj 11361 endobj 98 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 89 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 19 0 R /F2 22 0 R /F3 36 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 99 0 R >> endobj 102 0 obj << /Length 103 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 496.92 757.92 11.64 13.2 re h W n BT 496.92 760.68 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.08 Tc 0 Tw (16) Tj ET Q BT 88.08 725.04 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0067 Tc 2.8031 Tw (randomization provided by the permutation effect of the crossover operator offers a) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0009 Tc 3.3209 Tw (mechanism to) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 74.88 0 TD 0.0016 Tc 3.3184 Tw (more fully) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj 58.68 0 TD -0.0149 Tc -0.0251 Tw (sample ) Tj 39.36 0 TD 0.0041 Tc 3.3759 Tw (the initial condit) Tj 83.4 0 TD -0.0062 Tc 3.4162 Tw (ions of the search space) Tj 124.44 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 9.36 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (I) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0418 Tc 3.2782 Tw (n the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -393.96 -13.32 TD 0.0012 Tc 5.2688 Tw (experimental results concerning small populations every significant difference in) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0097 Tc 3.1769 Tw (accuracy and efficiency of the crossover conditions compared to the pure mutation) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj T* -0.0064 Tc 0.2064 Tw (condition was found to be a beneficial effect attributable ) Tj 268.92 0 TD 0.0165 Tc 0.0635 Tw (to ) Tj 12.24 0 TD -0.019 Tc 0.249 Tw (the use of standard ) Tj 91.56 0 TD 0.0082 Tc 0.0718 Tw (crossover, ) Tj -372.72 -13.44 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0109 Tw (and in all these cases there was a large probability of crossover \(60%\).) Tj 329.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -311.76 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj -17.4 -13.68 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.06 Tc 0 Tw (6.) 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Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 166.08 0 TD -0.009 Tc -0.031 Tw (Accordingly, ) Tj -359.28 -13.44 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.0304 Tw (we proposed the \221convergence argument\222, namely that w) Tj 265.44 0 TD 0.0091 Tc -0.0191 Tw (ithout the use of ) Tj 78.6 0 TD 0.0153 Tc -0.0553 Tw (special diversity ) Tj -344.04 -13.44 TD -0.0184 Tc 1.8984 Tw (preserving mechanisms) Tj 111.6 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.68 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (p) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0.0049 Tc -0.0449 Tw (opulations ) Tj 53.4 0 TD -0.0157 Tc 0 Tw (wil) Tj 15 0 TD -0.007 Tc -0.033 Tw (l ) Tj 7.92 0 TD -0.0489 Tc -0.2311 Tw (typically ) Tj 45.24 0 TD 0.0025 Tc 1.7575 Tw (converge quickly, and) Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw ( ) Tj 111.72 0 TD -0 Tc -0.04 Tw (that ) Tj 22.2 0 TD -0.0316 Tc -0.0084 Tw (after ) Tj 25.92 0 TD 0.0106 Tc -0.0506 Tw (this ) Tj -403.56 -13.44 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.0788 Tw (convergence t) Tj 65.16 0 TD 0.007 Tc -0.047 Tw (he ) Tj 14.04 0 TD -0.0198 Tc 0.1598 Tw (use of ) Tj 31.32 0 TD -0.0115 Tc 0.0915 Tw (standard ) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0011 Tc 0.0211 Tw (crossover operators ) Tj 94.32 0 TD -0.08 Tc 0 Tw (do) Tj 11.64 0 TD -0.0047 Tc (es) Tj 9.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0139 Tc 0.0939 Tw (not have an) Tj 54 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0165 Tc 0.0965 Tw (adverse effect) Tj 65.04 0 TD -0.0094 Tc 0.0894 Tw (. This ) Tj -393.72 -13.44 TD 0.0047 Tc 0 Tw (is) Tj 7.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0182 Tc -0.0218 Tw (because ) Tj 40.2 0 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.5109 Tw (at that point most genotypes will be) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 172.8 0 TD -0.0257 Tc 0.4657 Tw (very similar) Tj 56.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.022 Tc -0.018 Tw (and ) Tj 20.28 0 TD -0.0143 Tc 0.4843 Tw (it is unlikely that several) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -304.08 -13.44 TD 0.0053 Tc -0.0453 Tw (distinct ) Tj 40.2 0 TD -0.036 Tc 0.116 Tw (genetic ) Tj 39.12 0 TD -0.0149 Tc 0 Tw (permut) Tj 33 0 TD 0.0034 Tc 2.6766 Tw (ations of the same) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 98.4 0 TD 0.0054 Tc -0.0454 Tw (phenotypic ) Tj 57.6 0 TD 0.0055 Tc 2.6905 Tw (solution will be present in the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -268.32 -13.32 TD 0.0073 Tc 0 Tw (population) Tj 50.04 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD -0.0027 Tc 0.5627 Tw (at the same time) Tj 78 0 TD 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.6 0 TD -0.0541 Tc -0.1059 Tw (The ) Tj 21.6 0 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.6337 Tw (series of experiments on benchmark problems) Tj 218.28 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.0047 Tc 0.2047 Tw (reported ) Tj -381.6 -13.44 TD -0.0104 Tc 2.0237 Tw (in this paper give empirical support to this convergence argument.) 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Tj 262.2 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -354.24 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD /F1 11.68 Tf 0.0557 Tc 0 Tw (Ack) Tj 19.92 0 TD -0 Tc (nowledgements) Tj 76.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -96.72 -13.2 TD /F0 11.68 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0141 Tc -0.0259 Tw (The ) Tj 23.28 0 TD 0.007 Tc 2.193 Tw (authors would like to thank Inman Harvey) Tj 211.08 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj 3 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD -0 Tc 2.2402 Tw (Lionel Barnett,) Tj 72.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD -0.0044 Tc 2.2444 Tw (Nathaniel Virgo) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 82.92 0 TD 0.018 Tc 0.182 Tw (and ) Tj -403.56 -13.44 TD -0.015 Tc 0.035 Tw (Simon McGregor ) Tj 84.96 0 TD 0.0028 Tc -0.0428 Tw (for their helpful ) Tj 76.8 0 TD 0.0034 Tc 0.0166 Tw (comments and ) Tj 70.68 0 TD 0.0122 Tc -0.0522 Tw (discussions. ) Tj 59.16 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -291.6 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.68 TD /F1 11.68 Tf -0.0116 Tc 0 Tw (References) Tj 54.48 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -54.48 -13.2 TD /F0 11.68 Tf ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0026 Tc 1.4135 Tw (Abass, H. A. \(2002\). An Evolutionary Artificial Neural Networks Approach for Breast) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 17.4 -13.44 TD -0.0024 Tc -0.0376 Tw (Cancer Diagnosis. ) Tj 88.56 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0157 Tc 0 Tw (Art) Tj 14.88 0 TD 0.0058 Tc -0.0058 Tw (ificial Intelligence in Medicine) Tj 143.76 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (25) Tj 11.76 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.003 Tc -0.043 Tw (\(3\), 265) Tj 36.84 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.01 Tc (281.) Tj 20.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -343.44 -13.32 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0068 Tc 0.0388 Tw (Angeline, P. J., Saunders, G. M., & Pollack, J. B. \(1994\). An Evolutionary Algorithm that ) Tj 17.4 -13.44 TD -0.0073 Tc -0.0027 Tw (constructs Recurrent Neural Networks. ) Tj 185.16 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0082 Tc 0.0282 Tw (IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks) Tj 155.4 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 5.88 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (5) Tj 5.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0031 Tc -0.0369 Tw (\(1\), 54) Tj 31.08 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0133 Tc (65.) Tj 14.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -419.28 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.001 Tc 2.335 Tw (Aso, H., & Muehlenbein, H. \(199) Tj 168.72 0 TD -0.0062 Tc 2.3662 Tw (4\). On the mean convergence time of evolutionary) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -151.32 -13.44 TD -0.0101 Tc 2.7501 Tw (algorithms without selection and mutation. In H.) Tj 243.24 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0042 Tc 2.6762 Tw (P. Schwefel, Y. Davidor, & R.) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -247.08 -13.44 TD 0.0565 Tc 0 Tw (M) Tj 10.32 0 TD 0.0033 Tc 4.1567 Tw (\344nner \(Eds.\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 71.28 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0008 Tc 4.2072 Tw (Parallel Problem Solving from Nature III) Tj 215.4 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 7.2 0 TD -0.0482 Tc 4.3282 Tw (\(pp. 88) Tj 37.32 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0081 Tc 4.1681 Tw (97\), Berlin,) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -345.48 -13.44 TD -0.0334 Tc 0.2334 Tw (Germany: Springer) Tj 89.88 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0716 Tc (Verlag.) Tj 34.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -145.8 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0322 Tc 1.3122 Tw (Barnett, L.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 55.32 0 TD 0.003 Tc 0.077 Tw (\(2001\). ) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.023 Tc 0 Tw (Netc) Tj 22.08 0 TD -0.0061 Tc -0.1539 Tw (rawling ) Tj 39.72 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 5.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD -0.0077 Tc 1.1917 Tw (Optimal Evolutionary Search with Neutral Networks.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -147.72 -13.44 TD -0.0382 Tc 0.8382 Tw (In J.) Tj 20.76 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0038 Tc 0.8638 Tw (H. Kim, B.) Tj 53.28 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0199 Tc 0.8885 Tw (T. Zhang, G. Fogel, & I. Kuscu \(Eds.\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 190.2 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0235 Tc 0 Tw (Proc) Tj 22.68 0 TD -0.04 Tc (.) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0075 Tc 0.8075 Tw (of the 2001 Congress) Tj 0 Tc -0.16 Tw ( ) Tj -301.2 -13.44 TD -0.0047 Tc 0.0247 Tw (on Evolutionary Computation) Tj 139.56 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD -0.0482 Tc 0.1282 Tw (\(pp. 30) Tj 33 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.0292 Tw (37\), Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press.) Tj 154.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -351.6 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 103 0 obj 11545 endobj 101 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 89 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 19 0 R /F2 22 0 R /F3 36 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 102 0 R >> endobj 105 0 obj << /Length 106 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 496.92 757.92 11.64 13.2 re h W n BT 496.92 760.68 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.08 Tc 0 Tw (17) Tj ET Q BT 88.08 725.04 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0128 Tc 0.1928 Tw (Belew, R. K., McInerney, J., & Schraudolph) Tj 208.44 0 TD 0.0011 Tc 0.1089 Tw (, N. N. \(1992\). Evolving networks: Using the ) Tj -191.04 -13.44 TD -0.0115 Tc 2.3615 Tw (genetic algorithm with connectionist learning. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -13.32 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.8351 Tw (Farmer, & S. Rasmussen \(Eds.\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 157.44 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0138 Tc 0.9338 Tw (Artificial Life II) Tj 75.6 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD -0.0185 Tc 0.8185 Tw (\(pp. 511) Tj 39.72 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0127 Tc 0.8927 Tw (547\), Redwood City, CA:) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -280.32 -13.44 TD -0.0148 Tc 0 Tw (Addison) Tj 39.6 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 4.08 0 TD -0.0726 Tc (Wesley.) Tj 37.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -98.76 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0018 Tc 1.3118 Tw (Ebner, M., Langguth, P., Albe) Tj 146.52 0 TD -0.0125 Tc 1.3192 Tw (rt, J., Shackleton, M., & Shipman, R. \(2001\). On neutral) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -129.12 -13.44 TD -0.0138 Tc 1.2938 Tw (networks and evolvability.) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 130.68 0 TD -0.0082 Tc 1.1682 Tw (In J.) Tj 21.24 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0038 Tc 1.2238 Tw (H. Kim, B.) Tj 54 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0083 Tc 1.254 Tw (T. Zhang, G. Fogel, & I. Kuscu \(Eds.\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -213.6 -13.44 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0087 Tc 0.6713 Tw (Proc. of the 2001 Congress on Evolutionary Computation) Tj 275.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.6 0 TD -0.0024 Tc 0.6824 Tw (\(pp. ) Tj 0.64 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 27.96 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0082 Tc 0.7318 Tw (8\), Piscataway, NJ:) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -311.28 -13.44 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.0995 Tw (IEEE Press.) Tj 55.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -73.2 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0183 Tc 1.3383 Tw (Fogel, D. B., Wasson,) Tj 106.92 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.2 0 TD -0.0094 Tc 1.2894 Tw (E. C.,) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 32.04 0 TD -0.087 Tc 0.047 Tw (& ) Tj 13.2 0 TD -0.0108 Tc 1.3308 Tw (Boughton, E. M. \(1995\).) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 123.12 0 TD -0.0023 Tc 1.2823 Tw (Evolving neural networks for) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -262.08 -13.44 TD -0.0138 Tc 0.0538 Tw (detecting breast cancer. ) Tj 112.8 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0179 Tc 0.0979 Tw (Cancer Letters) Tj 69.6 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 5.88 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (96) Tj 11.76 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.0169 Tc -0.0569 Tw (\(1\), 49) Tj 31.2 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0533 Tc (53.) Tj 14.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -267.12 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0279 Tc 0 Tw (Garc\355a) Tj 31.08 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0066 Tc 3.2534 Tw (Pedrajas, N., Ortiz) Tj 93.24 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.011 Tc 3.269 Tw (Boyer, D., & Herv\341s) Tj 106.56 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0119 Tc 3.2719 Tw (Mart\355nez, C. \(2006\).) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 108.36 0 TD 0.002 Tc 3.198 Tw (An alternative) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -333.36 -13.44 TD -0.02 Tc 3.97 Tw (approach for neural network evolution with a genetic ) Tj 3.9341 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 286.92 0 TD 0.0036 Tc 3.8564 Tw (lgorithm: Crossover by) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -286.92 -13.44 TD -0.0052 Tc 0.0252 Tw (combinatorial optimization. ) Tj 132.72 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.001 Tc 0.081 Tw (Neural Networks) Tj 79.56 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (19) Tj 11.76 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.003 Tc -0.043 Tw (\(4\), 514) Tj 36.84 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.01 Tc (528.) Tj 20.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -308.52 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.32 TD 0.0034 Tc 0.012 Tw (Hancock, P. J. B. \(1992\). Genetic Algorithms and permutation problems: a comparison of ) Tj 17.4 -13.44 TD -0.0143 Tc 0.8034 Tw (recombination operators for neural net structure specification. In D. L. Whitley, &) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 395.64 0 TD -0.0118 Tc -0.0282 Tw (J. ) Tj -395.64 -13.44 TD -0.0125 Tc 0.8125 Tw (D. Schaffer \(Eds.\),) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 92.88 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0015 Tc 0.7235 Tw (Proc. Int. Workshop on Combinations of Genetic Algorithms and) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -92.88 -13.44 TD 0.0076 Tc -0.0476 Tw (Neural Networks) Tj 79.56 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0158 Tc -0.0558 Tw (\(pp. 108) Tj 38.88 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0052 Tc 0.0252 Tw (122\), Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.) Tj 234.72 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -377.28 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0009 Tc 2.2391 Tw (Harvey, I. \(1992\). Species Adaptation Genetic Algorithms: A Basis for a Continuing) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 17.4 -13.44 TD -0.0218 Tc 0.1618 Tw (SAGA. In F. J. ) Tj 73.44 0 TD -0.008 Tc 0.136 Tw (Varela, & P. Bourgine \(Eds.\), ) Tj 142.44 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0231 Tc 0.0969 Tw (Proc. of the 1) Tj 63.96 5.4 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf -0.0298 Tc 0 Tw (st) Tj 5.16 -5.4 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0025 Tc 0.0775 Tw (Euro. Conf. on Artificial ) Tj -288 -13.44 TD -0.0135 Tc 0 Tw (Life) Tj 18.12 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0158 Tc -0.0558 Tw (\(pp. 346) Tj 38.88 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0042 Tc 0.0602 Tw (354\), Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.) Tj 183.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -264.36 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0102 Tc 0.8702 Tw (Harvey, I. \(1996\).) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 89.28 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0035 Tc 0.8035 Tw (The Microbial Genetic Algorithm) Tj 159 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (. ) Tj 6.72 0 TD -0.0068 Tc 0.8308 Tw (Retrieved Sept. 17, 2007, from the) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -237.6 -13.44 TD -0.0115 Tc 9.8355 Tw (I. Harvey\222s 麻豆传媒社区入口, Department) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 275.16 0 TD -0.0068 Tc 9.8668 Tw (of Informatics website:) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -275.16 -13.44 TD 0 0 1 rg -0.0094 Tc 0 Tw (http://www.cogs.sussex.ac.uk/users/inmanh/) Tj ET 105.48 347.16 207.6 0.6 re f BT 313.08 348.96 TD 0 0 0 rg 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -225 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0016 Tc 4.4747 Tw (Harvey. I. \(2001\). Artificial Evolution: A Continuing SAGA. In T. Gomi \(Ed.\),) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 17.4 -13.44 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0 Tc 0.1397 Tw (Evolutionary Robotics: From Intelligent Robots to ) Tj 239.88 0 TD -0 Tc 0.2002 Tw (Artificial Life) Tj 63.48 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.12 0 TD 0.0118 Tc 0.1882 Tw (\(pp. 94) Tj 33.24 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0141 Tc 0.0341 Tw (109\), Berlin, ) Tj -343.68 -13.32 TD -0.0334 Tc 0.2334 Tw (Germany: Springer) Tj 89.88 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0716 Tc (Verlag.) Tj 34.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -145.8 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0026 Tc 2.1411 Tw (Harvey, I., & Thompson, A. \(1996\). Through the labyrinth evolution finds a way: A) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 17.4 -13.44 TD -0.0042 Tc 0.6242 Tw (silicon ridge. In T. Higuchi, M. Iwata, & L. Weixin \(Eds.\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 283.92 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0266 Tc 0.7066 Tw (Proc. of the ) Tj 0.64 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 65.4 5.28 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0902 Tc (st) Tj 5.16 -5.28 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.48 0 TD 0.0118 Tc 0.5482 Tw (Int. Conf.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -357.96 -13.44 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.0248 Tw (on Evolvable Systems) Tj 101.16 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD 0.0329 Tc -0.0729 Tw (\(pp. 406) Tj 39 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0037 Tc 0.0037 Tw (422\), Berlin, Germany: Springer) Tj 152.16 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.003 Tc (Verlag.) Tj 34.8 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -355.2 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0264 Tc 0 Tw (Izquierdo) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0066 Tc 1.2934 Tw (Torres, E. \(2004\). The Role of Nearly Neutral Mutations in the Evolution of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -31.2 -13.44 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.2377 Tw (Dynamical Neural Networks. In J. Pollack, M. Bedau, P. Husbands, T. Ikegami, & R. ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0078 Tc 1.1678 Tw (Watson \(Eds.\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 74.88 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0094 Tc 1.1906 Tw (Proc. of the ) Tj 1.12 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj 67.32 5.4 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf -0.1642 Tc (th) Tj 6 -5.4 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.0159 Tc 1.1441 Tw (Int. ) Tj 1.2094 Tc 0 Tw (C) Tj 27.84 0 TD 0.0011 Tc 1.1589 Tw (onf. on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -180.12 -13.44 TD -0.0027 Tc 0 Tw (Systems) Tj 36.96 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 2.88 0 TD -0.0185 Tc -0.0215 Tw (\(pp. 322) Tj 38.88 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0 Tc 0.0802 Tw (327\), Cambridge MA: MIT Press) Tj 156.24 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -256.2 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0253 Tc 3.9453 Tw (Kimura, M. \(1983\).) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 106.08 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0098 Tc 3.8578 Tw (The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution) Tj 223.08 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0156 Tc 3.9356 Tw (. Cambridge, UK:) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -311.76 -13.44 TD -0.009 Tc 0.089 Tw (Cambridge Uni. Press) Tj 102.96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -120.36 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj ET endstream endobj 106 0 obj 9829 endobj 104 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 89 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F3 36 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 105 0 R >> endobj 108 0 obj << /Length 109 0 R >> stream BT 88.08 762.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.6944 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0179 Tw (Convergence and crossover) Tj 107.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj 102.72 0 TD ( ) Tj -210.24 -679.56 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0842 Tw (Froese and Spier) Tj 65.4 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( ) Tj -65.4 -11.16 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj 210.24 0 TD ( ) Tj ET q 496.92 757.92 11.64 13.2 re h W n BT 496.92 760.68 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.08 Tc 0 Tw (18) Tj ET Q BT 88.08 725.04 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.0018 Tc 0.6116 Tw (Montana, D. J., & Davis, L. \(1989\). Training feedforward neura) Tj 304.56 0 TD 0.012 Tc 0.588 Tw (l networks using genetic) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -287.16 -13.44 TD -0.0079 Tc -0.0321 Tw (algorithms. ) Tj 56.52 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0145 Tc 0.8655 Tw (Proc. of the 11) Tj 72.24 5.4 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf -0.1642 Tc 0 Tw (th) Tj 6 -5.4 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.72 0 TD 0.0104 Tc 0.7896 Tw (Int. Joint Conf.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 76.2 0 TD 0.0029 Tc 0.8571 Tw (on Artificial Intelligence) Tj 116.52 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0013 Tc 0.9213 Tw (\(pp. 762) Tj 39.72 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD 0.0061 Tc 0.0739 Tw (767\), ) Tj -378.72 -13.32 TD -0.0027 Tc 0.0227 Tw (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.) Tj 170.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -188.04 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0235 Tc 0 Tw (Ortiz) Tj 24 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0064 Tc 0.0264 Tw (Boyer, D., Herv\341s) Tj 84.72 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0026 Tc 0.0426 Tw (Mart\355nez, C., & Garc\355a) Tj 107.76 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.96 0 TD -0.0035 Tc 0.0035 Tw (Pedrajas, N. \(2005\). ) Tj 96.72 0 TD 0.007 Tc -0.007 Tw (CIXL2: A crossover ) Tj -307.56 -13.44 TD -0.0032 Tc 4.7032 Tw (operator for evolution) Tj 111.84 0 TD -0.0075 Tc 4.6715 Tw (ary algorithms based on population features.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 238.2 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0063 Tc 4.6337 Tw (Journal of) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -350.04 -13.44 TD -0.005 Tc 0.025 Tw (Artificial Intelligence Research) Tj 146.64 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (24) Tj 11.76 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.06 Tc 0.02 Tw (, 1) Tj 11.64 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0267 Tc (48.) Tj 14.76 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -211.8 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0128 Tc 3.0928 Tw (Prechelt, L. \(1994\).) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 103.08 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0037 Tc -0.0363 Tw (Proben1 ) Tj 46.2 0 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (\226) Tj 5.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0053 Tc 3.0339 Tw (A Set of Neural Network Benchmark Problems and) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -143.64 -13.44 TD -0.0065 Tc -0.0335 Tw (Benchmarking Rules) Tj 96.84 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.001 Tc 0.0275 Tw (. Karlsruhe, Germany: Universt\344t Karlsruhe \(Tech. Report 21) Tj 287.52 0 TD -0.0447 Tc 0 Tw (\).) Tj 6.84 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -408.6 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.04 Tc 0 Tw (v) Tj 5.88 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 2.8288 Tw (an Nimwegen, E., & Crutchfield, J. P. \(2000\). Metastable Evolutionary Dynamics:) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 11.52 -13.44 TD 0.0016 Tc 1.8784 Tw (Crossing Fitness Barriers or Escaping via Neutral Paths?) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 283.08 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0043 Tc 1.8757 Tw (Bulletin of Mathemetical) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -283.08 -13.44 TD 0.0205 Tc 0 Tw (Biology) Tj 36.36 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tc (, ) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (65) Tj 11.76 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.003 Tc -0.043 Tw (\(5\), 799) Tj 36.84 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.01 Tc (848.) Tj 20.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -132.6 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD 0.0049 Tc 2.7951 Tw (Radcliffe, N. J. \(1990\).) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 122.28 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0071 Tc 2.7849 Tw (Genetic neural networks on MIMD comput) Tj 215.64 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (ers) Tj 14.4 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.018 Tc 2.858 Tw (. Unpublished) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -334.92 -13.44 TD -0.0062 Tc 0.0262 Tw (D.Phil. thesis. University of Edinburgh, Edinburg, Scotland.) Tj 281.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -299.04 -13.32 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0036 Tc 1.1136 Tw (Radcliffe, N. J. \(1993\). Genetic set recombination and its application to neural network) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj 17.4 -13.44 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.0388 Tw (topology optimisation. ) Tj 108.6 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.0074 Tc -0.0074 Tw (Neural Computing and Applications) Tj 169.8 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.08 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj 5.88 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (1) Tj 5.88 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.0031 Tc -0.0369 Tw (\(1\), 67) Tj 31.08 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0267 Tc (90.) Tj 14.64 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -357.12 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0098 Tc 0.9298 Tw (Schaffer, J. D.,) Tj 71.88 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 3.84 0 TD -0.0161 Tc 0.9361 Tw (& Morishima, A. \(1987\).) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 123.72 0 TD 0 Tc 0.9198 Tw (An adaptive crossover distribution mechanism) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -182.04 -13.44 TD -0.0056 Tc 2.7427 Tw (for genetic algorithms. In J. J. Grefenstette \(Ed.\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 253.56 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0146 Tc 2.7346 Tw (Proc. of the ) Tj 2.68 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 71.64 5.4 TD /F3 7.8256 Tf 0.0472 Tc (nd) Tj 7.92 -5.4 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD -0.0158 Tc 2.7358 Tw (Int. Conf. on) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -338.76 -13.44 TD 0.0011 Tc 2.2089 Tw (Genetic Algorithms and their application) Tj 201.72 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.16 0 TD 0.0118 Tc 2.2282 Tw (\(pp. 36) Tj 35.4 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.0023 Tc 2.2377 Tw (40\), Cambridge, MA: Lawrence) Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw ( ) Tj -246.12 -13.44 TD -0.0123 Tc 0.0923 Tw (Erlbaum Associates.) Tj 96 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -113.4 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (Sch) Tj 17.4 0 TD -0.0176 Tc 2.7736 Tw (affer, J. D., Whitley, D. L., & Eshelman, L. J. \(1992\).) 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The use of neutral genotype) Tj 409.92 0 TD -0.0494 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj -399 -13.32 TD 0.0012 Tc 3.4868 Tw (phenotype mappings for improved evolutionary search.) Tj 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 282.72 0 TD /F3 11.68 Tf -0.0161 Tc 3.6361 Tw (BT Technology Journal) Tj 117.48 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (, ) Tj -400.2 -13.44 TD /F3 11.68 Tf 0.04 Tc (18) Tj 11.64 0 TD /F0 11.68 Tf 0.0053 Tc 0.0747 Tw (\(4\), ) Tj 19.44 0 TD -0.04 Tc 0 Tw (103) Tj 17.52 0 TD -0.0494 Tc (-) Tj 3.84 0 TD 0.02 Tc (111.) Tj 20.52 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj -90.36 -13.44 TD ( ) Tj 0 -13.44 TD -0.0088 Tc 2.6088 Tw (Smith, T., Husbands,) Tj 103.68 0 TD 0 Tc -0.04 Tw ( ) Tj 5.64 0 TD -0.0115 Tc 2.6782 Tw (P., Layzell, P., & O\222Shea, M. \(2002\). 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